Bench-Scale RO Systems for Potable Reuse

水是人类最重要的资源。然而，世界上60%以上的人口无法获得充足和安全的饮用水。随着全球人口的增长、地下水供应的过度开采、淡水资源的持续污染以及气候变化引起的干旱影响，饮用水的供应正受到威胁。饮用水回用是将废水处理到可以作为饮用水安全消费的水平的过程。这一进程对于解决全球饮用水短缺问题至关重要，特别是在世界上的大城市中心和/或干旱易发地区。必须安全处理废水以生产饮用水。为了做到这一点，提出了膜处理和紫外线消毒的结合。膜处理采用微滤（MF）和反渗透（RO）膜的工艺序列去除废水中的所有污染物。紫外线消毒是最后一个过程，它灭活了所有可能留在膜处理后的水中的细菌和病毒。在膜过滤步骤中，膜可能会被废水的成分污染。为防止反渗透膜在运行过程中受到污染，应定期向给水中添加抗烫伤剂和抗污物，如氯胺。然而，这些抗烫伤剂和抗污物通过膜进入紫外线消毒的最后一步。这些防垢剂和防垢剂清除紫外线，降低紫外线透过率。当紫外线透过率降低时，紫外线消毒的有效性降低，因此需要更大的紫外线AOP系统尺寸来考虑潜在的紫外线清除作用。拟议的项目研究可以减少所需的抗污剂和抗鳞剂数量的新膜，这将最大限度地提高紫外线消毒过程的有效性。减少抗污剂和防垢剂的使用将降低处理废水以供饮用的总体成本。

Water is the most important resource for humanity. Yet, abundant and safe drinking water is not available toover 60% of the world's population. The availability of potable water is under threat with growing globalpopulations, over-tapped ground water supplies, the continued contamination of fresh water sources, and thedrought-inducing impacts of climate change. Potable reuse is the process of treating wastewater to the level atwhich it can be safely consumed as drinking water. This process is critical to address global drinking watershortages, specifically in large municipal centers and/or drought-prone regions of the world. Treatment ofwastewater to produce drinking water must be done safely. In order to do this a combination of membranetreatment and UV disinfection has been proposed. Membrane treatment using a process train of microfiltration(MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes removes all the contaminants in wastewater. UV disinfection is thefinal process and it inactivates all bacteria and viruses that may remain in the post-membrane treated water.During the membrane filtration steps the membranes can become fouled by the constituents of wastewater. Toprevent RO membrane fouling during operation anti-scalants and anti-foulants, such as chloramine, areperiodically added to the feed water. These anti-scalants and anti-foulants, however, pass through themembrane and enter the final UV disinfection step. These anti-scalants and anti-foulants scavenge UV lightreducing UV transmittance. The UV disinfection has a decreased effectiveness when the UV transmittance isreduced, thereby necessitating a larger UV AOP system size to account for the potential UV scavenging. Theproposed project investigates new membranes that can reduce the amount of anti-foulants and anti-scalantsrequired, which will maximize the effectiveness of the UV disinfection process. Reducing anti-foulant andanti-scalant use will reduce the overall cost of treating wastewater for potable reuse.