Fuel Minimization and addition of Solar Arrays for Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) with parallel configuration

混合动力汽车(HEV)包括电动马达、逆变器、电池组和带油箱的内燃机(ICE)。在插入式混合动力汽车(或PHEV)中，车载电池充电器增加了一个外部连接器坞站，允许用户从120V或240V交流电源插座为电池充电。在过去的两年里，一些PHEV已经进入消费市场(例如丰田普锐斯混合动力插件)，其特点是全电动汽车续航里程较短(电池尺寸较小)，而混合动力续航里程较长。这是一个仍然需要研究的领域。在混合动力并联结构中，电机和内燃机(ICE)同时提供车辆牵引所需的机械扭矩。内燃机和电动马达驱动的额定功率都低于车辆的总额定功率，从而大幅降低了内燃机的质量和体积。申请人之前所做的研究集中于在给定ICE额定车辆总额定功率的情况下，在这种并行PHEV上实施的功率共享策略。研究表明，为实现最低燃料消耗而实施的功率共享策略应以逐步耗尽电池为目标，只有在行程结束时才能获得电池的最小荷电状态。全电动汽车运行和内燃机电动汽车运行之间的最佳转换可以由扭矩阈值T_Lim定义，该阈值是电机转速的函数，但也取决于驱动周期、行程长度和电池的初始荷电状态。该策略不同于传统的基于规则的策略，后者在进入充电持续模式之前强制完全耗尽电池。*在这项建议中，我们将研究采用扭矩阈值的燃油消耗最小化策略如何通过改变并联配置中的电机驱动额定功率来影响油耗最小化策略，反之，所开发的扭矩阈值策略将如何影响最小传动系质量的电机功率与车辆额定功率的比率。其次，我们会研究太阳能电池板对PHEV车顶的影响、同质的入射太阳能如何影响为最低耗油量而实施的电力共享策略，以及整体入射太阳能辐射进一步降低燃料消耗量的潜力。第三，鉴于车辆位于有树木和建筑物的市区环境中，可能会导致部分遮阳，我们将研究浮动遮阳对车辆上放置的太阳能电池板各个部分的影响。对于所有光伏电池都串联在一起的情况，只有一个电池上的阴影会导致能量吞吐量的全局退化。这里将考虑光伏阵列的孤岛及其影响。**

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) include an electric motor, an inverter, a battery pack, and an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) with its fuel tank. In the Plugin HEV (or PHEV), an on-board battery charger is added with an external connector dock, allowing the user to charge the battery from the 120V or 240V AC outlet. During the last 2 years, a number of PHEVs have entered the consumer market (e.g. Toyota Prius Hybrid Plugin), which feature a short all-EV range (and low battery size) with a long hybrid range. This is an area where research is still necessary. In the hybrid parallel configuration, the electric motor and Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) simultaneously provide the mechanical torque required for the vehicle traction. The ICE and electric motor drive each have a nominal power rating lower than the vehicle total power rating, allowing substantial reduction in the ICE mass and volume. Earlier research done by the applicant has focused on the power-sharing strategies to be implemented on such parallel PHEV with a given ICE rating of the total vehicle nominal power. The research has shown that the power-sharing strategy to be implemented for minimum fuel consumption should target progressive battery depletion with the minimum battery State of Charge obtained only at the end of the trip. The optimal transition between All-EV operation and ICE-EV operation was found to be definable by a torque threshold T_lim, which is a function of the electric motor rotational speed, but also dependent upon the driving cycle, the trip length and the battery initial state of charge. This strategy is different from the conventional rule-based strategy, which forces a complete battery depletion before entering a charge sustaining mode. ***In this proposal, we will examine how the fuel consumption minimization strategy with torque threshold implementation is affected by varying the electric motor drive power nominal rating in the parallel configuration and, inversely, how the torque threshold strategy developed will affect the ratio of electric motor power over vehicle power rating for minimum drivetrain mass. Secondly, we will investigate the effect of solar panels on PHEV rooftops, how a homogenous incoming solar power will affect the power sharing strategy to be implemented for minimum fuel consumption and the potential of the overall incoming solar radiation to reduce fuel consumption even more. Thirdly, we will investigate the effect of fluctuating shading on various part of the solar panels laid out on a vehicle, given that the vehicle location in an urban environment with trees and buildings may lead to partly shaded conditions. For the condition where all photovoltaic cells are connected in one series, a shade spot on only one cell will lead to a global degradation of the energy throughput. Islanding of PV arrays and its effect will be considered here. **