The evolution of organism sediment interactions in the early benthos

埃迪卡拉生物群的进化及其向显生宙后生生物群的过渡仍然是现代古生物学的一个重大挑战。经典埃迪卡拉生物群的一个决定性特征是，除了极少数例外，它们主要是不活动的底栖动物。这种不动性很可能对生物本身构成重大挑战，因为硫化氢往往会积聚在沉积物-水界面的任何物体下，从而切断含氧海水的供应。我们最近提出，具有高表面积的斜卧埃迪卡拉动物群不仅适应了硫化氢，而且可能实际上利用硫化氢来促进与生态共生或内共生硫营养细菌的共生。我的学生、同事和我打算在未来几年探索这一推论的许多含义。******提出的研究计划旨在通过探索几条调查线来解决对底栖动物早期进化的一些相互关联方面及其与海底生态系统在埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪过渡期间进化的关系缺乏了解的问题：******1)需要根据埃迪卡拉纪生物群可能具有的启示来重新评估阿瓦洛尼亚埃迪卡拉纪以范围形态为主的软体组合为了确定埃迪卡拉动物群的哪些元素可能是沉积物斜倚的（微生物-沉积物系统的一部分），哪些生物像许多作者所假设的那样直立在水柱上。这一认识对于现实地评估埃迪卡拉动物群的古生物学、古生态学和进化具有重要意义，因为大多数埃迪卡拉动物群通常是直立在水柱上，而不是沿着沉积物-水界面生长。***2)随着我们最近对晚埃迪卡拉纪减量洞穴（及其对生态系统的潜在影响）的认识，有必要对减量生物扰动进行广泛的研究。在这方面，必须探索从565Ma保存在基质下的小动物生物扰动床中发现的有机有孔虫衬里和凝集试验的新发现，以更好地了解哪些动物是第一批穴居动物，从而了解穴居是如何进化的。***3)纽芬兰Burin半岛的后埃迪卡拉纪（即寒武纪）富迹化石动物群是沉积物水界面下穴居的最早证据，但在单个穴居尺度上，通过连续磨矿、详细的岩石学和地球化学分析研究较少。我们需要这种自下而上的方法来验证那些主要基于全球海洋化学的大块沉积物代用物的断言。这些方法将使我们更好地了解最早的动物洞穴及其对早期海底的影响。**

The evolution of the Ediacara biota and its transition into the metazoan biotas of the Phanerozoic remains as a significant challenge to modern paleontology. One of the defining characters of the classical Ediacaran biota is that, with few rare exceptions, they were dominantly non-motile epi-benthos. This immobility is likely to have posed a significant challenge to the organisms themselves since hydrogen sulfide tends to build up under any object at the sediment-water interface that cuts off the supply of oxygenated seawater. We have recently proposed that reclining Ediacaran taxa with high surface areas were adapted to not only cope with hydrogen sulphide, but may have actually used that hydrogen sulphide to fuel a symbiosis with either ecosymbiotic or endosymbiotic thiotrophic bacteria. That inference has a number of implications that my students, colleagues and I intend to explore in the coming years.******The proposed program of research aims to address the lack of understanding of a number of inter-related aspects of the early evolution of the benthos and their relationship to the evolution of seafloor ecosystems through the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition via the exploration of several lines of investigation:******1) The rangeomorph-dominated soft-bodied assemblages of the Ediacaran in Avalonia need to be reassessed in the light of the revelation that the Ediacaran biota might have had chemosymbionts, in order to determine which elements of the Ediacaran biota might be sediment recliners (part of the microbe-sediment system), and which organisms were erect in the water column as many authors have assumed. This understanding is key importance for realistically assessing the palaeobiology, palaeoecology and evolution of the Ediacaran biota, which usually has most Ediacaran taxa erect in the water column instead of growing along the sediment-water interface.***2) With our recent recognition of late Ediacaran meiofaunal burrows (and their potential impact on ecosystems) there is a need for an extensive search for meiofaunal bioturbation. In this respect, new discoveries of organic foraminiferal linings and agglutinated tests from 565Ma in beds with meiofaunal bioturbation preserved below matgrounds must be explored to better understand which animals were the first burrowers, and therefore how burrowing evolved.***3) The post Ediacaran (i.e. Cambrian) trace-fossil rich faunas of the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland represent the earliest evidence for burrowing below the sediment water interface, but have been little studied at the scale of individual burrow through serial grinding, and detailed petrographic and geochemical analysis. This bottom-up approach is needed to ground-truth assertions that have largely been based on bulk-sediment proxies for global oceanic chemistry. These approaches will allow us to better understand the earliest animal burrows and their impact on the early seafloor. **