Aerodynamic drag reduction, from science to control strategies in aerospace and sport

气动阻力是一种通过压力和剪切力表现出来的损失形式。 对于飞机来说，发动机产生推力以克服阻力。在自行车等运动中，阻力限制了运动员的速度。减少阻力是节约能源或提高性能的直接途径。这一点很重要，因为不可再生能源的消费对我们环境的影响是不可否认的。例如，在奥运会和残奥会上，空气动力学的进步可以极大地影响我们国家在领奖台上的表现。 流量控制是一个关键工具，可以减少阻力，从而节省能源，或最大限度地提高性能。*该研究计划的主题和长期愿景是开发和实施新的基于物理的流量控制技术，用于与加拿大航空和体育相关的行业。在核心，该计划考虑了流体动力学和边界层和流动分离的控制。由于分离前的附面层影响尾流和压力阻力，因此在这些流动方面的专门知识也是互补的。 * 该计划的基础是在流体动力学机制的空白中创造知识，从而导致阻力作为最终寻求的控制创新的先驱。 在体育运动中，不稳定运动对阻力的作用在很大程度上是未知的。该方法是建立在非定常运动的流动分离和旋涡形成的研究，开展减阻技术的新方向。在短期内，重点在于未知的不稳定偏航运动，它平行于运动员肢体运动的各个方面，并形成了实现更快运动员的长期目标的基础。针对湍流边界层中发生的高剪切事件或旨在延迟过渡到湍流的主动流动控制系统在减少飞机的环境足迹方面开辟了新的可能性。 本研究的实验框架也固有地解决了与本研究支持的应用相关的传感器和执行器的使用相关的实际挑战。 短期目标是在一个易于处理的模型流动控制问题中解决边界层对动态激励的响应，作为减少飞机阻力的长期研究远景的一个组成部分。*这项研究计划的实际后果是节能和提高性能。 这项研究支持加拿大航空航天和体育产业，以及加拿大运动员的卓越表现。这项研究也被设想为使公众接触到空气动力学进步的意义，并作为一种催化剂，弥合科学，媒体和社区之间的差距。该计划的核心是HQP（2名博士，3名硕士和10名本科生），将推进该计划并带来广泛的培训，以支持加拿大工业。

Aerodynamic drag is a form of loss that manifests through pressure and shear. For aircraft, engines produce thrust to overcome drag. In sport such as cycling, drag limits the speed an athlete can maintain. Reducing drag has a direct path to energy conservation or increasing performance. This is important because the impact of the consumption of non-renewable energy sources on our environment is undeniable. In Olympic and Paralympic Games, as examples, aerodynamic advancements can greatly affect our national presence at the podium. Flow control is a key tool that can reduce drag, and consequently, conserve energy, or maximize performance.*** The theme of this research program and long-term vision is the development and implementation of novel physics-based flow control technology for applications relevant to Canadian aeronautical and sport-based industries. At the core, this program considers the fluid dynamics and control of boundary layers and flow separation. Expertise in these flows is also complementary because the boundary layer preceding separation influences the wake and pressure drag. *** This program is underpinned by creating knowledge within the gaps of the fluid dynamic mechanisms leading to drag as a precursor to the control innovations ultimately sought. In sport, the role of unsteady motion on drag is largely unknown. The methodology is to build from the study of flow separation and vortex formation for unsteady motion to launch new directions in drag reduction technology. In the short-term, the focus resides on the uncharted unsteady yaw motions, which parallel aspects of athlete limb motions, and forms the basis to reach the long-term goal of faster athletes.*** Active flow control systems targeting high shear events occurring in the turbulent boundary layer, or aimed at delay of transition to turbulence, opens new possibilities in the reduction of the environmental footprint of aircraft. The experimental framework of this research also inherently addresses practical challenges associated with use of sensors and actuators that relate to the applications this research supports. The short-term objectives address the boundary layer response to dynamic actuation within a tractable model flow control problem as an integral component of the long-term research vision of reduced aircraft drag.*** The practical ramifications of this research program are in energy conservation and increased performance. This research supports the Canadian aerospace and sport-based industries, and excellence of Canadian athletes. This research is also envisioned to bring public exposure to the significance of aerodynamic advancements and act as a catalyst to bridge the gap between science, media, and the community. At the core of this program are the HQP (2 PhD, 3 MASc, and 10 Undergraduate) that will advance this program and bring extensive training to support Canadian industry.