High Temperature Oxidation of Metals

在许多应用中，金属合金依赖于铬和/或氧化铝的形成来提供腐蚀保护。例如，氧化铬的形成使不锈钢成为“不锈”。在含有氧气和/或蒸汽的环境中，许多高温应用需要类似的保护性氧化铝的形成。一些例子包括：炉中的加热元件，汽车催化转换器，燃气轮机，以及当前和未来的能源系统。拟议的“金属高温氧化”计划旨在进行新的研究，评估用于这些应用的金属合金的耐腐蚀/抗氧化性，并推动科学领域的进步，其中仍然存在重大的知识空白。将采用多学科方法，结合现代显微学、腐蚀科学和冶金学，培养高素质人才。******虽然已经对金属合金在氧气和空气中的高温（800ºC及以上）氧化进行了广泛的研究，但在蒸汽环境中的工作有限。考虑到上述应用涉及蒸汽暴露，这是值得关注的。此外，还需要在中等温度（300℃至800℃）下进行研究，这是当前和未来能源系统有望运行的地方。拟议中的计划针对这些知识空白，这对该领域和能源行业的科学家尤其重要。拟议中的科学研究的实际重要性从2011年福岛第一核电站（Fukushima Daiichi）近乎灾难的事故中显而易见；这一事件是由于在冷却剂损失事故中，核心部件在高温下缺乏抗氧化性。该计划包含了专门针对核电厂高温环境事故场景评估和帮助开发金属合金的项目。******该计划的新研究将促进对蒸汽中含铝和铬的金属合金的高温氧化的理解。同时，通过应用先进的显微镜方法在原子尺度上研究材料，可以在这种环境下研究潜在的材料降解模式。HQP将学习使用专业的高温实验设备和先进的显微镜，获得适用于许多行业的多学科技能，如核能，天然气，半导体，汽车和航空航天。最后，该项目将对加拿大产生积极影响，因为未来的能源系统需要先进的高温材料，以提高热效率并减少温室气体排放。此外，该项目旨在帮助开发用于核电厂事故场景的金属合金，以解决自福岛第一核电站几乎发生灾难以来加拿大和国际上对安全问题的担忧。

In many applications, metal alloys depend on the formation of chromium and/or aluminum oxide(s) to provide corrosion protection. For example, the formation of a chromium oxide is what makes stainless steel “stainless”. The analogous formation of a protective aluminum oxide is required for many high temperature applications in environments containing oxygen and/or steam. Some examples include: heating elements in furnaces, automobile catalytic converters, gas turbines, and current and future energy systems. The proposed “High Temperature Oxidation of Metals” program seeks to perform novel research evaluating corrosion/oxidation resistance of metal alloys used for these applications, and to progress the scientific field, where significant knowledge gaps still exist. A multi-disciplinary approach will be applied to train highly qualified personnel (HQP), incorporating modern microscopy, corrosion science and metallurgy. ******While extensive research has been done evaluating high temperature (800 ºC and above) oxidation of metal alloys in oxygen and air, there has been limited work in steam environments. This is of concern given that the aforementioned applications involve exposure to steam. In addition, research is needed at intermediate temperatures (300 ºC to 800 ºC), where current and future energy systems are expected to operate. The proposed program targets these knowledge gaps, particularly important to scientists in the field and the energy industry. The practical importance of the proposed scientific research is evident from the near-disaster at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear station in 2011; this event was due to the lack of oxidation resistance in a core component at high temperatures during a loss of coolant accident. This program incorporates projects specifically aiming to evaluate and aid development of metal alloys for accident scenarios in high temperature environments in nuclear power plants.******Novel research from this program will advance understanding of high temperature oxidation of aluminum and chromium containing metal alloys in steam. In parallel, potential materials degradation modes can be studied in this environment by applying advanced microscopy methods to study materials at the atomic scale. HQP will learn to use specialized high temperature experimental equipment and advanced microscopes, gaining multi-disciplinary skills applicable to many industries such as nuclear, natural gas, semiconductor, automotive, and aerospace. Finally, this program will positively impact Canadians as advanced high temperature materials are needed for future energy systems, to increase thermal efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Also, this program aims to aid in development of metal alloys for accident scenarios in nuclear power plants, addressing safety concerns amongst Canadians and internationally since the near-disaster at Fukushima Daiichi.