Feedbacks between oceanic hydrothermal systems and the Earth system

海洋下面的地壳沿着洋中脊形成，慢慢地从这些脊移开，最终俯冲到地幔中。海水在海脊轴附近的高温（约350℃）下通过海洋地壳循环，形成“黑烟”和具有独特化学合成生态系统的潜在经济硫化物矿床。海水也在“离轴”热液系统的大部分海底以低温（<50℃）流过地壳。在顺轴和离轴热液系统中，地壳和循环海水之间的反应导致地壳和流体组成的实质性变化。这些被改造过的流体返回海洋对海水的化学性质有深远的影响，地壳的蚀变对许多固体地球化学循环具有重要意义（例如，向地幔楔中添加挥发物和诱导地幔非均质性）。我提出的研究计划建立在我们最近对轴上和离轴热液系统所携带的化学通量的研究基础上，旨在确定热液通量与环境（如海底海水温度和成分）之间的联系和反馈。******为了更好地理解与轴向高温热液系统相关的地壳和海洋之间元素通量的环境控制，我们将使用两种方法。首先，我们将利用海上研究来研究高温热液流体如何与所谓热液羽流中的上覆水柱相互作用。它们是由黑色烟熏液的极度稀释（~10,000:1）形成的，并沿着大洋中脊在海底以上约200米处形成。其次，我们将使用地壳中高温流体-岩石反应的岩石记录来测试模型，这些模型表明，在过去的某些时候，当海水的主要离子化学（例如Ca， Mg，硫酸盐）不同时，黑烟流体的组成也不同。******为了更好地理解低温、离轴、热液系统与环境条件之间的反馈，我们将采用三管齐下的方法。首先，我们将进行实验室实验，确定玄武岩在不同温度和不同起始材料下在海水中的溶解速率。其次，我们将进行实地研究，以确定由于所涉及的时间尺度非常不同，实验室溶出率是否与自然溶出率不同。最后，我们将研究古代海洋地壳，以确定是否有随环境条件变化而变化的地壳蚀变的地质记录。******最后，所有对热液通量的环境控制的研究都要求我们了解过去深海的温度和组成。我们将采用严格的数据汇编方法，并分析显生宙不同时期改变的上洋地壳成分，以改善对古海水成分的限制

The crust beneath the oceans forms along mid-ocean ridges, migrating slowly away from these ridges to eventually be subducted into the mantle. Seawater circulates through the oceanic crust at high-temperatures (>350C) near the ridge axis forming “black-smokers” and potentially economic sulphide deposits with unique chemosynthetic ecosystems. Seawater also circulates through the crust at low temperatures (<50C) over much of the seafloor in “off-axis” hydrothermal systems. Reactions between the crust and circulating seawater in both on- and off-axis hydrothermal systems lead to substantial changes in the composition of the crust and the fluid. Return of the modified fluids to the ocean has a profound effect on the chemistry of seawater, and alteration of the crust is significant for many solid earth geochemical cycles (e.g. adding volatiles to the mantle wedge and inducing mantle heterogeneity). My proposed research program builds on our recent work on chemical fluxes carried by on- and off-axis hydrothermal systems, aiming to determine the links and feedbacks between hydrothermal fluxes and the environment (e.g. bottom seawater temperature and composition).******To better understand the environmental controls on element fluxes between the crust and ocean associated with on-axis high-temperature hydrothermal systems we will use two approaches. First, we will use seagoing studies to investigate how high-temperature hydrothermal fluids interact with the overlying water column in so-called hydrothermal plumes. These are formed by extreme dilution (~10,000:1) of black smoker fluid and form ~200 m above the seafloor along mid-ocean ridges. Second, we will use the rock record of high-temperature fluid-rock reaction in the crust to test models that suggest that at times in the past, when the major ion chemistry (e.g. Ca, Mg, sulphate) of seawater was different, the composition of black smoker fluids was also different.******To better understand the feedbacks between low-temperature, off-axis, hydrothermal systems and environmental conditions we will use a three-pronged approach. First, we will undertake laboratory experiments to determine the dissolution rate of basalts in seawater at different temperatures and using different starting materials. Second, we will undertake field studies to determine if laboratory dissolution rates differ from natural dissolutions rates due to the very different timescales involved. Finally, we will study ancient ocean crust to determine whether there is a geological record of changing crustal alteration with changing environmental conditions.******Finally, all investigations of environmental controls on hydrothermal fluxes require that we understand the past temperature and composition of the deep ocean. We will use both rigorous data compilation approaches, and analysis of the composition of upper oceanic crust that was altered at different times during the Phanerozoic, to improve constraints on paleo-seawater compositions.**