Characterization by laser diagnostics of the sooting propensity of biomass-derived fuels intended to be used as environmentally-friendly substitutes to fossil fuels

该计划旨在提高对不同生物质衍生燃料的炭黑行为的理解，以支持更清洁的能源载体的开发。实际上，煤烟是燃烧过程中产生的主要污染物之一，也是人为气溶胶的主要贡献者之一。为了限制其生产，以满足实际和未来的法规，减少污染源仍然是发动机制造商特别考虑的一个关键选择。然而，仍然需要对多环芳烃（PAH）和烟尘形成中所涉及的物理化学机制进行透彻的理解（特别是在生物燃料的情况下），以提高用于设计燃烧装置的计算代码的预测特性。因此，本计划的目的是提供关于不同分子作为烟尘抑制剂的能力的有见地的发现，以确定石油衍生燃料的环境友好替代品的中长期商业化所必需的必备燃料特性。为此，将实验室规模实验和发动机试验相关联的本提案由3个主要目标组成，总结如下： 1)结合所有已知影响碳烟产生的燃料分子结构效应，开发预测碳烟产生倾向性指标。为此，将测量各种生物燃料（包括呋喃异构体和木材热解产生的生物油的某些组分）的燃料当量炭黑指数（FESI）。然后将获得的结果进行处理，通过结构基团的加和性方法，提出了一套原始的预测炭黑倾向基团的贡献因子。 2)开发适用于预测发动机颗粒排放的颗粒物（PM）指数。基于在直喷式柴油机和火花点火式发动机的排气中进行的测量，PM指数公式将被提议整合FESI值，以表示在燃料/氧化剂混合物形成中起作用的燃料分子结构和燃料性质（包括挥发性因素）。 3)开发实现上述目标所需的适应性可持续发展工具。这样的横向任务包括1/时间分辨的激光诱导白炽/荧光（LII/LIF）技术的发展，用于同时检测烟尘和多环芳烃和2/在LII信号的建模中的贡献，以推断烟尘的物理性质的信息，通过实施先进的优化算法。 在该计划结束时，将提出创新的测量和建模工具，以探索一些需要解决的主要问题，以开发更清洁的燃料和燃烧技术，这将有利于加拿大能源生产，航空航天和汽车工业等。

This program aims at improving the understanding of the sooting behavior of different biomass-derived fuels to support the development of cleaner energy carriers. Actually, soot is one of the major pollutants generated in combustion processes and one of the main contributors to anthropogenic aerosols. To limit its production with the view to meet actual and future regulations, source reduction remains a key option particularly considered by engine manufacturers. A thorough understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms involved in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot is still required however (especially in the case of biofuels) to improve the predictive character of the computational codes used to design combustion devices. The purpose of the present program is therefore to provide insightful findings regarding the ability of different molecules to act as soot suppressors with the view to identify the must-have fuel properties necessary for the mid- to long-term commercialization of environmentally-friendly substitutes to petroleum-derived fuels. To do so, the present proposal which associates laboratory scale experiments and engine tests is composed of 3 main objectives summarized as follows: 1) Developing predictive sooting propensity indicators incorporating all the fuel molecular structural effects known to influence soot production. To do so, the Fuel Equivalent Sooting Index (FESI) of various biofuels (including furan isomers and some components of bio-oils derived from wood pyrolysis) will be measured. Obtained results will then be processed by means of a structural group additivity approach to propose an original set of predictive sooting propensity group contribution factors. 2) Developing Particulate Matter (PM) indexes suitable to predict engine particulate emissions. Based on measurements performed at the exhaust of direct injection Diesel and spark ignition engines, PM index formulations will be proposed integrating FESI values to represent the fuel molecular structure and fuel properties (including volatility factors) playing a role in the fuel/oxidizer mixture formation. 3) Developing adapted metrological tools necessary to achieve the above-mentioned objectives. Such a transverse task includes 1/ the development of a time resolved laser-induced incandescence/fluorescence (LII/LIF) technique for the simultaneous detection of soot and PAHs and 2/ contributions in the modeling of LII signals to infer information on soot physical properties through the implementation of advanced optimization algorithms. At the end of this program, innovative measurement and modeling tools will be proposed to explore some of the major issues needing to be addressed in order to develop cleaner fuels and combustion technologies that will benefit the Canadian energy production, aerospace and automotive industries among others.