Investigation of High-rise Building Ventilation for Achieving Safety and Energy Efficiency

加拿大承诺到2050年将温室气体(GHG)排放量减少到2005年水平的80%。建筑行业约占加拿大能源消耗的29%，温室气体排放量的近25%。与其他类型的建筑相比，高层建筑的冷负荷更高，能源密集度更高，这导致加拿大夏季公用电网的电力需求高峰期。因此，降低高层建筑的冷负荷对节能降耗、降低高峰用电需求至关重要。高层通风降温已被证明是一种有效的降温方案。由于加拿大气候寒冷，HVC全年都有很长一段时间可以使用，不仅在肩部季节，在夏天也是如此。HVC在加拿大的广泛应用可以帮助加拿大实现其向具有竞争力和弹性的低碳经济过渡的承诺。然而，消防安全是高压灭弧室广泛应用的一个主要问题。高层建筑大的竖直空间中的堆叠效应对HVC有利，但对高层火灾防排烟也是一个巨大的挑战。虽然以往的研究主要集中在热泵的能效或安全性问题上，但很少有人同时研究这两个方面以及相关的最优热泵设计问题。因此，高层通风与安全之间的矛盾一直没有得到解决，这阻碍了HVC应用的推广，并成为加拿大实现其承诺的障碍。本研究计划的总体目标是通过考虑建筑安全和能源效率两个方面来优化寒冷气候下的HVC设计。为了实现这一目标，该研究计划将解决文献中的以下空白：(1)高层通风和火灾烟雾控制中热质传递的理论研究；(2)从建筑安全和能源效率两个方面考虑寒冷气候下的HVC优化设计；(3)高层通风实现安全和能源效率的案例研究。这将是首批关于建筑能效和安全的跨学科研究项目之一。这将有助于更深入地了解高层通风和防排烟中的热质传递，优化HVC设计和在加拿大的实际应用。在NSERC发现基金的支持下，申请者将开创世界高层建筑通风降温研究和应用的先河。它将在加拿大和世界各地推广HVC的应用，并在与高层建筑相关的安全、经济(能源效率)和环境方面(例如温室气体排放)做出贡献。它还将支持培训两名博士、两名硕士和两名本科生，他们都拥有建筑安全和能源效率方面的专业知识，这在一个快速扩张的领域非常受欢迎。

Canada has made a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 80% below 2005 levels by 2050. The buildings sector accounts for roughly 29% of energy use in Canada and almost 25% of GHG emissions. Compared with other types of buildings, high-rise buildings have a higher cooling load and are more energy intensive, which leads to periods of peak electricity demand on the utility grid in Canada during the summer. Therefore, reducing the cooling load of high-rise buildings is critical to energy savings and reduction of peak electricity demand. High-rise ventilative cooling (HVC) has proved to be an effective solution for reducing cooling load. Due to Canada's cold climate, HVC is available for a long time throughout the year, not only during the shoulder season, but also in summer. Wide application of HVC in Canada could help Canada realize its commitment in transitioning to a competitive and resilient low-carbon economy. However, fire safety is a major concern for wide HVC application. The stack effect in the large vertical spaces of high-rise buildings is beneficial for HVC but is also a great challenge for high-rise fire smoke protection. Although previous studies have focused on the issue of energy efficiency or safety of HVC, few of them have investigated these two aspects simultaneously and the associated optimum HVC design. Therefore, the conflict between high-rise ventilation and safety has not been solved, which has impeded the promotion of HVC application and become an obstacle for Canada in realizing its commitment. The overall objective of this research program is to optimize HVC design in cold climates by considering both aspects of building safety and energy efficiency. To achieve this, the research program will address the following gaps in the literature: (1) theoretical study of heat and mass transfer in high-rise ventilation and fire smoke control; (2) optimum HVC design in cold climates by considering both aspects of building safety and energy efficiency; (3) case study of high-rise ventilation for achieving safety and energy efficiency. This will be one of the first interdisciplinary research programs on building energy efficiency and safety. It will contribute to a deep understanding of heat and mass transfer in high-rise ventilation and smoke control, optimum HVC design and real HVC application in Canada. With support from the NSERC Discovery Grant, the applicant will pioneer the research and application of ventilative cooling in high-rise buildings in the world. It will promote the application of HVC across Canada and worldwide and contribute to safety, economical (energy efficiency) and environmental aspects (e.g. GHG emissions) related to high-rise buildings. It will also support the training of two PhD, two MSc, and two undergraduate students with expertise in both building safety and energy efficiency, which is highly sought after in a fast expanding area.