Wind, Water & Ice: How Erosion Interacts with Climate and Tectonics to Shape the Landscape

当构造板块碰撞形成山脉时，河流、冰川和风等环境因素又将它们推倒。这种气候和构造的相互作用是非常平衡的，造成了稳定的景观——至少在它们受到构造或气候扰动的冲击和刺激之前是这样，导致短暂的、不稳定的短途旅行或建立新的稳定形式。尽管经过了几十年的研究，揭开气候和构造对景观的相对影响仍被证明是难以捉摸的。然而，鉴于高分辨率气候、植被和地形数据集的日益可用性，不断增长的岩石、隆起和侵蚀数据数据库，以及能够分析和建模这些数据的高性能计算机，我们现在准备在我们对气候-构造相互作用和景观演变的理解方面取得突破，这将影响我们对地质灾害和景观如何应对未来气候变化的理解。本发现基金资助的研究将解决以下目标。(1)我和我的研究团队将开发一个综合工具包，用于从景观特征的形状（例如，山脉前部的清晰度，沿着该山脉的河流流域的深度，剖面和地图视图中的河流形状）中读取构造隆起速率，并在安第斯山脉和加拿大落基山脉测试我们的方法。(2)我们将建立一个统计模型来评估气候和构造对景观的相对影响，首先在阿根廷和喜马拉雅地区应用。该模型将解决比较具有不同空间分辨率或覆盖范围的数据集的挑战，并明确考虑数据集的时空尺度。最后，我们将研究冰川在塑造喜马拉雅山脉和风蚀在塑造阿根廷普纳高原的对比影响。由于冰川局限于高海拔或高纬度地区，而风蚀则局限于具有特殊大气条件的干旱地区，因此可以利用冰川独特的足迹来评估气候对山脉演变的影响。我们的工作将开发工具，其他研究人员可以使用这些工具来了解地球上任何地方甚至其他行星上的景观演变。它将帮助我们了解河流和冰川如何对构造和气候扰动做出反应，这反过来将限制加拿大及其他地区现代气候变化的影响。最后，它将在一个公平、多样化和包容的环境中支持至少5名研究生和20名本科生的培训。学生将获得与现代经济高度相关的技能，包括地理信息系统（GIS）、数值和统计建模、数字插图、数据分析以及口头和书面沟通方面的培训。

As tectonic plates collide to build mountains, environmental agents like rivers, glaciers and wind tear them back down. This interplay of climate and tectonics is remarkably balanced, resulting in landscapes that are stable - at least that is until they are poked and prodded by tectonic or climatic perturbations, resulting in brief, unstable excursions or the establishment of new stable forms. Unravelling the relative impact of climate and tectonics on the landscape has proven elusive despite decades of study. However, given the increasing availability of high-resolution climate, vegetation and topographic datasets, a growing database of rock, uplift, and erosion data, and high-powered computers capable of analyzing and modeling these data, we are now poised for a breakthrough in our understanding of climate-tectonic interactions and landscape evolution, with impacts for our understanding of geologic hazards and how the landscape will respond to future climate change. Research funded by this Discovery Grant will address the following objectives. (1) My research team and I will develop a comprehensive toolkit for reading tectonic uplift rate from the shape of features of the landscape (e.g., the sharpness of the front of a mountain range, the depth of river basins along that range, the shape of rivers in profile and map view), testing our methods in the Andes and Canadian Rockies. (2) We will develop a statistical model to evaluate the relative impact of climate and tectonics on the landscape, starting with applications in Argentina and the Himalaya. This model will address the challenges of comparing datasets that have different spatial resolution or coverage, and explicitly consider the temporal and spatial scale of datasets. Finally, (3) we will examine the contrasting impact of glaciers in shaping the Himalaya and wind erosion in sculpting the Puna Plateau in Argentina. Because glaciers are restricted to high altitude or latitude and wind erosion is limited to arid regions with particular atmospheric conditions, their unique footprints can be leveraged to assess the influence of climate on mountain range evolution. Our work will develop tools that can be used by other researchers to understand landscape evolution anywhere on Earth or even on other planets. It will help us understand how rivers and glaciers respond to tectonic and climatic perturbations, which in turn will constrain the impacts of modern climate change in Canada and beyond. Finally, it will support the training of at least 5 graduate students and 20 undergraduate students in an equitable, diverse, and inclusive environment. Students will gain skills highly relevant to the modern economy, including training in geographic information systems (GIS), numerical and statistical modeling, digital illustration, data analysis, and oral and written communication.