Grid Integration of Renewables

环境保护意识的提高和减少绿色温室气体（GHG）排放的全球愿望已经导致电网中可再生能源（RE）的更高利用。因此，电网正在从基于化石燃料的发电机转变为更靠近消费者的小型本地嵌入式可再生能源发电机。放松管制也增加了竞争，提高了效率和节约。此外，随着不同技术（如电力系统、电力电子、信息技术、通信和传感器）的融合，电网现在可以转变为真正的智能电网（SG），能够通过智能管理系统以高度协调的方式运行，以充分发挥其潜力。我的多学科研究计划集中在系统研究，以展示/促进可再生能源资源的SG实施和整合的机会/弱点。研究的问题涉及：1.馈电线中的双向功率流影响经受频繁通电/断电循环的电网组件。这导致设备寿命缩短，因为由此产生的电能质量问题。此外，双向功率流以一种从未设计过的方式对传统保护设备施加压力。需要新的保护系统来从电网提供可靠、安全和可靠的性能。2.需要新的SG组件（即故障电流限制器、转换开关、传感器、保护和同步设备）来协调传统设备和现代设备的电网集成。通信设备以及传感器和信号处理将在SG的未来运营中发挥关键作用。3.可再生能源集成问题需要多电平转换器（及其先进的控制器）将间歇性可变电压、可变频率电源的电力馈送到以固定电压和固定频率运行的电网中。保护和需求管理（CDM）将利用存储组件和使用时间控制器。此外，来自RE源的惯性的缺乏将影响SG的动态性能。虽然向秘书长的转变已经开始，但其全面实施可能需要几十年时间才能达到其业务灵活性、安全性和效率的理想水平。本研究将对电力公司、咨询公司和设备制造商有所帮助。它将有利于电力系统规划者，运营商和调试成员。这项研究将为HQP培训提供机会，并鼓励与公用事业，顾问和制造商的合作。产生的知识产权将提供对SG行为和操作的更深入的了解，并指导未来对老化的传统电网组件更新的基础设施投资。

Increased awareness for environmental preservation and a global desire to reduce green house gas (GHG) emissions has resulted in a higher utilization of renewable energy (RE) in the electrical grid. Consequently, the electrical grid is changing from fossil-fuel based generators to smaller locally-embedded RE generators closer to the consumer. Deregulation has also caused increased competition and improved efficiency and conservation. Furthermore, with the convergence of different technologies (such as power systems, power electronics, information technology, communication and sensors), the grid can now be transformed into a truly smart grid (SG) capable of operating in a highly coordinated manner through intelligent management systems to realize its full potential. My multi-disciplinary research program concentrates on system studies to demonstrate/promote the opportunities/weaknesses in the SG implementation and integration of RE sources. The problems to be studied relate to: 1. Two-way power flow in the feeders impacts grid components which are subjected to frequent energizing/de-energizing cycles. This leads to reduced equipment life-span due to resulting power quality issues. Furthermore, two-way power flow stresses legacy protection equipment in a way that they were never designed for. New protection systems are needed to provide reliable, safe and secure performance from the grid. 2. New SG components (i.e. fault current limiters, transfer switches, sensors, protection and synchronizing equipment) are needed to coordinate the grid integration of both legacy and modern equipment. Communication equipment, together with sensors and signal processing, will play a crucial role in the future operation of the SG. 3. RE integration issues need multi-level converters (with their advanced controllers) to feed in power from intermittent variable-voltage, variable-frequency sources into a grid that is operating at a fixed-voltage and fixed-frequency. Conservation and Demand Management (CDM) will be taking advantage of storage components and Time-of-Use controllers. Furthermore, lack of inertia from RE sources will affect the dynamic performance of the SG. Although transformation towards the SG has already begun, its full implementation may take decades before reaching its desired level of operational flexibility, security and efficiency. This research will be useful for power utilities, consultants and equipment manufacturers. It will benefit power system planners, operators and commissioning members. This research will provide opportunities for HQP training and encourage collaboration with utilities, consultants and manufacturers. The intellectual property generated will provide deeper insight into SG behavior and operation and guide the future investments in infrastructure for the renewal of aging legacy-grid components.