Integrated measurements of GHG emissions at an intermediate port

加拿大的海运部门是其贸易和繁荣的关键，也是我们广阔的海岸和湖泊沿线社区和工业的支持系统。然而，这一部门很难实现脱碳，实现净零目标将需要新技术，并需要在引进时评估其有效性。航运燃料正在发生变化，绿色氢气以及甲醇和氨等衍生品在竞争取代船用燃料。航运业，尤其是港口和港口，将需要评估新燃料对温室气体(GHG)预算的直接影响，包括当船舶运行效率不高时，这可能导致强大的GHG N2O排放。港口显然是这类评估的焦点，还需要有关温室气体排放的数据来指导其自身的发展和业务。另一方面，人类活动可以改变温室气体的“自然”源和汇。海洋微生物可以产生N2O，它们对溶解氧浓度以及从废水和径流向港口输入的氮高度敏感。由于疏浚或建设，以及气候变化和海洋变暖导致的港口环流变化，氧气浓度可能会发生变化。因此，由于港口活动的直接干扰和气候变化等间接人为干扰，沿海水域温室气体的“自然”排放量可能至少占港口排放量的20%。我们将与哈利法克斯港和Eosense Inc.(一家温室气体传感器开发商)合作：1)建立基线条件并监测新燃料对海洋部门温室气体排放的影响；2)确定沿海水域温室气体排放(通量)的大小及其对直接和间接人为干扰的敏感性；3)严格评估大气测量中的可变性与直接温室气体排放与间接温室气体排放的关系；4)提供关于哈利法克斯港内温室气源和大小的公开信息。这一合作关系将加强学术界和产业界的联系，并为学生营造一个多学科的培训环境。

Canada's marine transportation sector is key to its trade and prosperity and also a support system for communities and industries along our extensive coasts and lakes. However this sector is difficult to decarbonize and meeting net zero goals will require new technologies, and assessment of their effectiveness as they are introduced. Shipping fuels are changing, with green hydrogen and derivatives like methanol and ammonia competing in a race to replace bunker fuel. The shipping industry, and especially ports and harbours, will need to evaluate the direct impacts of new fuels on greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets, including when vessels are not operating efficiently, which can lead to emissions of the powerful GHG N2O. Ports are an obvious focal point for such assessments and also require data about GHG emissions to guide their own developments and operations. On the other hand, human activities can alter "natural" sources and sinks of GHGs. Marine microbes can produce N2O and they are highly sensitive to dissolved oxygen concentrations and inputs of nitrogen to harbours from wastewater and runoff. Oxygen concentrations can be altered by changed circulation of a port due to dredging or construction and by climate change and ocean warming. "Natural" emissions of GHGs from coastal waters, which can amount to at least 20% of port emissions in a given year, are therefore subject to change due to direct disturbance by port activities and indirect anthropogenic disturbances such as climate change. In partnership with the Port of Halifax and Eosense Inc. (a GHG gas sensor developer) we will: 1) establish baseline conditions and monitor impacts of new fuels on \emissions of GHGs from the marine sector; 2) determine the magnitude of GHG emissions (fluxes) from coastal waters and their sensitivity to direct and indirect anthropogenic disturbance; 3) critically evaluate the attribution of variability in atmospheric measurements to direct vs. indirect GHG emissions; 4) provide public information about GHG sources and magnitudes within the Port of Halifax. The partnership will strengthen academic-industry ties and foster a multidisciplinary training environment for students.