Potential role of the gymnosperm microbiome in a changing climate

植物微生物组，即，已证明定殖于植物组织内部和外部的微生物对植物生长和发育非常有影响。这些微生物代表了生命的所有三个领域，真核生物，特别是真菌，细菌和古细菌，简称古细菌。虽然土壤和外部植物组织定殖微生物已被深入研究，内部植物组织定殖微生物仅与细菌和真菌结合，其特征在于它们的身份和对植物生长和发育的影响，包括许多裸子植物物种。然而，关于该组织成员的工作报告很少。最近，利用基因鉴定和生物信息学，有诱人的证据表明，一些成员的pestroea不仅定殖内部植物组织，但也与植物生长素的生物合成，增加营养供应，并保护免受非生物（特别是氧化和渗透）胁迫。也有一些证据表明，植物和植物群落之间存在一定程度的植物特异性。真菌的功能特征揭示了与真菌相互作用的遗传能力，以及在碳和氮循环中发挥重要作用：例如，CO2和N2固定。这些事实揭示了一个重要的，但未被观察到的作用，为大多数植物和树木的根。随着气候变化已经通过北方更温暖和更干燥的夏季表现出来，裸子植物微生物组的潜在改善作用可能对裸子植物在不断变化的环境条件下的生长和存活非常重要。本研究拟采用分子生物学和培养相结合的技术，（i）继续研究植物组织内外定殖细菌在裸子植物生长发育中的作用，（ii）利用分子生物学技术首次证明植物组织内外定殖细菌在裸子植物生长发育中的存在及其潜在功能;（iii）试图成为第一个从任何植物中分离和培养定殖寄生菌的外部和/或内部植物组织的人;和（iv）评估外部和内部植物定殖细菌的相互作用，真菌和真菌（如果有的话）对裸子植物在预计气候变暖的压力环境条件下的生长和发育的影响。这些压力条件将包括高温、干旱和营养匮乏，研究将在受控环境下进行。这项工作将是第一个评估的发生和作用的裸子植物的生长和发育。此外，这项工作可能导致获得第一个从任何植物物种的外部和/或内部组织中分离出的芽孢杆菌菌株，并评估细菌，真菌和芽孢杆菌在胁迫条件下对裸子植物生长的相互作用。

The plant microbiome, i.e., microorganisms that colonize internal and external plant tissues, has been shown to be very influential on plant growth and development. These microorganisms represent all three domains of life, the Eukarya, particularly the fungi, the Bacteria and the Archaeabacteria, or Archaea for short. While soil and external plant tissue colonizing microbes have been studied intensively, internal plant tissue colonizing microbes belongingj only to the bacteria  and fungi have been characterized with respect to their identity and effects on plant growth and development, including many gymnosperm species. However, very little work has been reported on members of the Archaea. Recently, using gene identification and bioinformatics, there is tantalizing evidence to suggest that some members of the Archaea not only colonize internal plant tissues, but also interact with plants by auxin biosynthesis, increasing nutrient supply, and protection against abiotic (especially oxidative and osmotic) stress. There is also some evidence for a degree of plant specificity regarding plants and Archaea. Functional signatures of Archaea reveal the genetic capacity for the interplay with fungi as well as playing an important role in the carbon and nitrogen cycle: e.g., CO2 and N2 fixation. These facts reveal an important, yet unobserved role for the Archaea in most plants and trees. With climate change already manifesting through warmer and drier summers in the northern hemisphere, the potential ameliorating effects of the gymnosperm microbiome may be very important for gymnosperm growth and survival under changing environmental conditions. Using a combination of molecular and culture-based techniques, I propose to (i) continue evaluating the role of external and internal plant tissue colonizing bacteria in gymnosperm growth and development; (ii) provide the first evidence of the occurrence and potential function of external and/or internal plant tissue colonizing Archaea in gymnosperm growth and development using molecular techniques; (iii) attempt to be the first to isolate and culture external and/or internal plant tissue colonizing Archaea from any plant; and (iv) evaluate the interactive effects of external and internal plant colonizing bacteria, fungi and Archaea (if available) on growth and development of gymnosperms under stressful environmental conditions that are anticipated to occur with a warming climate. These stressful conditions will include elevated temperatures, drought and nutrient deprivation, with studies performed under controlled environments. This work will be the first to evaluate the occurrence and role of the Archaea in gymnosperm growth and development. In addition, this work may result in obtaining the first Archaea strain(s) ever to be isolated from external and/or internal tissues of any plant species and to evaluate the interactive effects of bacteria, fungi and Archaea on gymnosperm growth under stressful conditions.