CRITICAL ISSUES TO ASSESS ROCK BLASTABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND LOCAL CONDITIONS BASED ON TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER (LIDAR) SURVEYS AND NUMERICAL ANALYSES

随着我们的城市变得越来越密集和庞大，基础设施越来越多地建在地下岩石中。同时，对矿物商品的需求不断增加，需要大量的采矿作业，往往是更深的挖掘和更大的足迹。岩石爆破是最快速和最具成本效益的开挖破岩方法。常规钻孔爆破在土建和矿山工程中广泛应用于运输隧道、储存库、竖井以及地面和地下矿山的建设。需要先进的工具和技术来优化岩石爆破，以进一步提高与民用和采矿基础设施相关的安全性、可靠性、效率和环境足迹的操作标准。井控爆破是保证地面控制和工作条件安全、基础设施长期稳定、减少炸药消耗的重要手段。优化的爆破设计还显著降低了下游粉碎和物料处理的能耗。岩石爆破是热力学、化学、地震活动性、地质工程和岩石力学相结合的复杂过程。这种内在的复杂性导致了通常基于一般观察的经验指导方针的发展。这些指导方针仍然适用，通常将地质介质和几何环境分为几个简单的组，以帮助确定爆炸模式配置（孔间距、孔直径、炸药数量）。现实中，影响因素众多，给局部爆破需求评价带来了诸多挑战，常用的方法往往不能提供最优取岩条件。该研究计划提出了一些步骤，以提高我们对不同类型岩石的爆破过程的理解，并基于单孔爆破（SHB）测试和激光雷达测量开发可爆性指标。研究结果将用于量化考虑地质力学特性和操作条件的爆破要求。该研究计划主要集中在三个主要方向：遥感和点云处理，小型和大型实验测试，以及动态和随时间变化的地质力学行为的数值分析。该研究项目依靠原始的遥感技术，提供快速有效的量化地质力学和几何参数的手段，并对爆破结果进行评估，以制定可爆性指标。将进行一些小型和大型现场试验，包括单孔和双孔爆炸试验，以（利用遥感工具）量化不同地质介质和当地几何形状的弹坑行为。数值模拟工作将补充现场实验，以评估地质力学和几何条件的影响。

As our cities grow denser and larger, infrastructures are increasingly built underground in rocks. In conjunction, the increasing demand for mineral commodities requires a large number of mining operations, often with deeper excavations and a bigger footprint. Rock blasting represents the fastest and most cost-effective means of breaking rock for excavation purposes. Conventional blasting by means of drilled holes loaded with explosives is used extensively in civil and mining engineering for the construction of transportation tunnels, storage caverns, vertical shafts, and for surface and underground mines. Advanced tools and techniques for optimal rock blasting are needed to further improve operational standards for safety, reliability, efficiency, and environmental footprint related to civil and mining infrastructures. Well controlled blasting practices are essential for ensuring safe ground control and working conditions, long term stability of infrastructures, and reduce explosives consumption. Optimal blast design also significantly reduces energy consumption from comminution and materials handling downstream. Rock blasting is a complex process that combines thermodynamics, chemistry, seismicity, geological engineering and rock mechanics. This inherent complexity has led to the development of empirical guidelines often based on generic observations. Such guidelines, still applied, typically categorize geological media and geometrical settings in few simple groupings to assist in the determination of blast pattern configurations (spacing between holes; hole diameter; amount of explosives). In reality, the large number of influence factors raises many challenges to evaluate local blasting requirements, so the commonly used approaches often fail to provide optimal conditions for rock extraction. This research program proposes steps to improve our understanding of the blasting processes in various types of rock and to develop blastability indicators based on single hole blast (SHB) testing and LiDAR measurements. The results will be used to quantify blasting requirements considering geomechanical properties and operational conditions. The research program focuses on three primary orientations: remote sensing and point cloud processing, small and large scale experimental testing, and numerical analysis of dynamic and time-dependent geomechanical behavior. The research program relies on the original use of remote sensing technologies to provide rapid and efficient means of quantifying geomechanical and geometrical parameters, and evaluating blasting results to develop blastability indicators. A number of small and large scale field trials involving single hole and two-hole blast tests will be carried out to quantify the cratering behavior (with remote sensing tools) for different geological media and local geometry. Numerical modelling work will complement field experiments to evaluate the effect of geomechanical and geometrical conditions.