Theories of hot and dense matter: from hydrodynamics to holography

正如赫拉克利特很久以前指出的，一切都在流动。在物理学中，流动的东西是用流体动力学来描述的，流体动力学是一组精确的数学意义上控制流动的方程。许多不同的物理系统可能以同样的方式流动，这是由它们微观组成部分的对称性决定的。一个简单的例子是气体和普通流体的流动。不太常见的例子可能涉及控制以接近光速运动的物质行为的相对论性对称性：这种对称性确保某些原子气体、量子磁体和早期宇宙的夸克-胶子等离子体遵循相同的流体动力学定律。几年前，人们了解到黑洞也可能以与液体完全相同的方式流动。因此，流体动力学的研究可以转化为黑洞动力学的研究，反之亦然。与这种黑洞/流体对应关系相关的液体是高度量子力学的，并且看起来几乎以与布鲁克海文的相对论重离子对撞机和欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机产生的夸克-胶子等离子体相同的方式流动。黑洞和量子液体之间的这种联系，加上实验重离子计划引起的对相对论流体力学的重新兴趣，最近在这个与经典流体动力学一样古老的领域取得了重要进展。这一提议将侧重于理解热而致密的相对论性物质，并将其数学描述与黑洞物理学联系起来。要探讨的问题包括宏观流体流动、热和量子涨落、相关性、量子力学异常、外场中的物质以及相关的物理效应。

As Heraclitus pointed out long time ago, everything flows. In Physics, things which flow are described by fluid dynamics, a collection of equations governing the flow in a precise mathematical sense. Many different physical systems may flow in the same way, as determined by the symmetry of their microscopic constituents. A simple example would be the flow of a gas and of a normal fluid. Less common examples may involve the relativistic symmetry that governs the behaviour of matter which moves at speeds close to the speed of light: that symmetry ensures that certain atomic gases, quantum magnets, and the quark-gluon plasma of the early Universe obey the same fluid-dynamical laws. Several years ago, it was understood that black holes may also flow, in exactly the same way liquids do. Thus the study of fluid dynamics translates to the study of black hole dynamics, and vice versa. The liquids relevant to this black-hole/fluid correspondence are highly quantum-mechanical, and seem to flow in virtually the same way as the quark-gluon plasma created at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider in Brookhaven, and at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. This connection between black holes and quantum liquids combined with the renewed interest in relativistic hydrodynamics due to the experimental heavy-ion program has recently led to important progress in the field as old as classical fluid dynamics. This proposal will focus on understanding hot and dense relativistic matter, and on connecting its mathematical description with black hole physics. The questions to be explored include macroscopic fluid flows, thermal and quantum fluctuations, correlations, quantum-mechanical anomalies, matter in external fields, and the associated physical effects.