Functional response of soniferous organisms to change in landscape structures and acoustic properties

声音会干扰同种交流、捕食者探测、觅食成功、警觉和栖息地选择。然而，量化声音对野生动物的影响一直是出了名的具有挑战性，因为声学特性的变化往往与特定景观结构的存在和栖息地的丧失相混淆。虽然一些景观规模的实验已经证明了人为声音本身对陆地生态系统中生物活动水平的影响，但这些影响尚未在许多生境类型或其他分类群体中复制。感觉生态学理论认为，视觉、听觉和嗅觉等方式决定了有机体的栖息地选择和行为适应。它将环境描绘成与有机体感官系统相互作用的信号(如视觉结构、声音和气味)的马赛克。在会唱歌的昆虫和其他有声音的生物中，听觉和视觉敏锐度在很大程度上是由于发声器官和眼睛直径的解剖学限制。对上述感官特征的理解使我们能够假设哪些物种对景观和声音景观的变化最敏感。拟议研究计划的短期目标有两个：i)建立具有改变声音传播的可改变景观结构的试验区；ii)评估有声生物对景观结构和声学特性变化的功能响应。为此，我们将使用会唱歌的昆虫(直翅目，Ensifera亚目)作为模式群落。拟议的研究方案包括两个主要工作包。第一个目标是在不同管理制度下在草本植物生态系统中建立实验声学景观。第二项研究旨在评估景观结构和声学特性的变化对歌唱昆虫群落的协同、相加或混杂影响。实验采用事前-事后控制-影响(BACI)设计，重复处理。我们将在每个实验景观中部署AudiomothTM录音机，以表征声学特性、Ensifera物种的存在及其歌唱行为。拟议的研究活动将使用现场实验来评估针叶树种对景观结构和声学特性变化的响应。这将是对整个景观进行实验性操作的为数不多的尝试之一。我们将培养新一代HQP，他们能够使用和开发快速评估工具，在空间和时间上高分辨率地监测含Sonious动物群落。HQP将接受生态声学、景观生态学和保护生物学的正式培训。

Sounds can interfere with conspecific communication, predator detection, foraging success, vigilance, and habitat selection. Yet, quantifying the effect of sounds on wildlife has been notoriously challenging because changes in acoustic properties are often confounded with the presence of specific landscape structures and loss of habitat. Although a few landscape-scale experiments have demonstrated the effects of anthropogenic sounds per se on the activity level of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems, they have yet to be replicated in many habitat types or with other taxonomic groups. Sensory ecology theory proposes that modalities like vision, audition and olfaction determine habitat selection and behavioural adaptation by organisms. It portrays the environment as a mosaic of signals (e.g., visual structures, sounds and smells) interacting with the sensorial system of organisms. In singing insects and other soniferous organisms, auditory and visual acuity are in large part attributable to anatomic constraints imposed on sound-producing organs and eye diameter. Understanding of the above sensorial traits allows us hypothesize which species are the most sensitive to landscape and soundscape changes. The short-term objective of the proposed research program is twofold: i) to establish experimental areas with modifiable landscape structures that alter sound propagation and ii) to evaluate the functional response of soniferous organisms to change in landscape structures and acoustic properties. For this purpose, we will use singing insects (Orthoptera order, Ensifera suborder) as model communities. The proposed research program consists of two main work packages. The first aims to establish experimental acoustic landscapes in herbaceous ecosystems under different management regimes. The second seeks to evaluate the synergistic, additive or confounded effects of change to landscapes structures and acoustic properties on singing insect communities. The experiment implements a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design and replicate treatments. We will deploy AudiomothTM sound recorders inside each experimental landscape to characterize acoustic properties, the presence of Ensifera species and their singing behaviour. The proposed research activities will use in situ experiments to evaluate the response of soniferous species to change in landscape structures and acoustic properties. This will represent one of the first few attempts to manipulate whole landscapes experimentally. We will train a new generation of HQPs that can use and develop rapid assessment tools for monitoring soniferous animal communities at high resolution in space and time. HQPs will receive a formal training in eco-acoustics, landscape ecology and conservation biology.