Fins and (Mis)fortunes: Managing shark populations for sustainability and food sovereignty

Fins and (Mis)fortunes: Managing shark populations for sustainability and food sovereignty
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鳍和(不幸)财富:管理鲨鱼种群以实现可持续发展和粮食主权

DOI:
10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103805
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
影响因子:
3.8
通讯作者:
Faber, Jake
Faber, Jake
中科院分区:
法学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Baker-Médard, Merrill;Faber, Jake

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鲨鱼既是一种维持生计的食物,也是一种奢侈品。鱼翅主要是东亚精英在特殊场合消费,而鲨鱼肉则是全球许多人的消费,包括渔民及其家人。指导鲨鱼渔业管理的政策在全球范围内各不相同,对不同范围鲨鱼的保护不一致,对鲨鱼产品的多方面需求考虑不足。禁止捕鲨是一项受欢迎的管理战略;然而,全面禁止捕鲨有可能威胁到小规模渔业社区的粮食安全和粮食主权。在本文中,我们调查鲨鱼的生存和商业价值之间的紧张关系,研究鲨鱼捕捞做法在马达加斯加的历史和现状。从这个案例研究中,我们分析了目前的管理策略如何有助于鲨鱼保护和食物主权。最后,我们主张在马达加斯加和其他粮食不安全的国家,在评估和扩大鲨鱼保护工作的过程中,对鲨鱼渔业政策采取基于权利的方法,考虑(a)鲨鱼的最终用途(例如,执行有利于捕捞鲨鱼以维持生计的渔民的政策),(B)渔民捕捞鲨鱼的方式(例如对工业船只施加更大的限制),以及(c)当地渔民直接和持续参与各级治理的决策。虽然这些建议涉及全球鲨鱼捕捞业,但它们特别关系到全球南方粮食不安全率高的依赖鱼类的国家。
Sharks are simultaneously a subsistence food and a luxury item. Shark fins are consumed during special occasions among primarily the East Asian elite, whereas shark meat is consumed by many globally, including by fishers and their families. Policies guiding the management of shark fisheries vary globally, with inconsistent protections for sharks across their ranges and insufficient consideration of the multifaceted demands for shark products. Banning shark fishing is a popular management strategy; however, a full ban on shark fishing has the potential to threaten both food security and food sovereignty of small-scale fishing communities. In this paper, we investigate the tension between the subsistence and commercial value of sharks, examining the history and current status of shark fishing practices in Madagascar. From this case study, we analyze how current management strategies contribute to shark conservation and food sovereignty. Ultimately, we argue in favor of a rights-based approach to shark fisheries policy in Madagascar, and in other food insecure nations in the process of evaluating and expanding their shark conservation efforts, that considers (a) the end use of the sharks (e.g. implement policies favoring fishers who land sharks for subsistence), (b) the mode of access fishers use to harvest sharks (e.g. imposing greater restrictions on industrial vessels), and (c) direct and ongoing participation of local fishers in decision-making occurring at all scales of governance. While these suggestions pertain to shark fisheries globally, they are especially pertinent to fisheries-dependent countries with high rates of food insecurity in the Global South.
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