Assessment of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system.
Assessment of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113304
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发表时间：
2020-07
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Zelano C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lane G;Zhou G;Noto T;Zelano C
嗅觉系统在哺乳动物物种中高度保守（Ache and Young, 2005; Gelperin, 1999; Hildebrand and Shepherd, 1997; Laurent, 2002）。特别是，人类和啮齿动物的嗅觉系统有许多共同的特征，包括嗅觉中枢神经系统的基本组织，气味引导行为的各个方面，气味受体蛋白的性质，以及分子和突触水平的处理（图1）。这些共同的特征使啮齿类动物成为理解人类嗅觉系统的绝佳模型，并导致啮齿类动物在嗅觉研究中的广泛应用。因此，啮齿动物嗅觉系统的知识是广泛的，几十年来一直是人类嗅觉研究的主要指南。尽管这两个物种的嗅觉系统非常相似（Ache和Young， 2005），但一些差异也很明显（Mainland et al., 2014; Maresh et al., 2008; McGann, 2017; Trimmer et al., 2019），而且缺乏来自人类的直接数据。我们目前对人类嗅觉系统的理解在很大程度上依赖于从啮齿动物身上获得的直接知识的推断。从啮齿动物身上进行推断是很有道理的，并且推动了人类嗅觉领域的发展。然而，在不断增长的人类嗅觉文献中，往往不清楚哪些陈述是从啮齿动物的研究中推断出来的，哪些是直接从人类数据中推断出来的。为了避免混淆和复合错误陈述，需要定期评估人类嗅觉系统的直接知识状态。我们的目标是对嗅觉文献进行全面的回顾，以评估和澄清我们目前对人类嗅觉系统的直接了解，并将其与啮齿动物的嗅觉系统进行比较。对已证实的与推断的人类嗅觉系统特征的批判性检查将有助于确定这方面知识的特别大的差距。我们还讨论了获得人类嗅觉系统直接知识的临床重要性。嗅觉与广泛的神经病理学密切相关，但我们对这种参与的机制了解甚少。神经退行性疾病通常在人类中表现为早期嗅觉症状（Albers等人，2006；Barresi等人，2012;Doty, 2012； Godoy等人，2015;Hawkes, 2003； Mesholam等人，1998；Ross等人，2008），嗅觉丧失是预期寿命的重要预测因子（Devanand等人，2015；Ekström等人，2017；Pinto等人，2014；Schubert等人，2016）。人类和啮齿动物的研究都表明嗅觉结构与帕金森病有关（Doty, 2012； Ubeda-Bañon等人，2014；Westermann等人，2008），这两个物种的重要研究也表明，嗅觉皮质结构可能参与某些形式癫痫的发作（Espinosa-Jovel等人，2019；Galovic等人，2019；Laufs等人，2011；Menassa等人，2017；Vaughan和Jackson, 2014； Vismer等人，2015；Young等人，2018）。
The olfactory system is highly conserved across mammalian species (Ache and Young, 2005; Gelperin, 1999; Hildebrand and Shepherd, 1997; Laurent, 2002). In particular, the human and rodent olfactory systems share numerous common traits, including the basic organization of the olfactory central nervous system, aspects of odor guided behaviors, the nature of odorant receptor proteins, and processing at the molecular and synaptic levels (Fig. 1). These shared characteristics make rodents an excellent model for use in understanding the human olfactory system and has led to widespread use of rodents in olfactory studies. As a result, knowledge of the rodent olfactory system is expansive, and has been the primary guide to human olfactory research for decades. Though the olfactory systems of the two species are highly similar (Ache and Young, 2005), some differences are apparent (Mainland et al., 2014; Maresh et al., 2008; McGann, 2017; Trimmer et al., 2019), and direct data from humans is lacking. Our current understanding of the human olfactory system relies substantially on inferences from direct knowledge obtained in rodents. Inferring from rodents is well justified, and has moved the field of human olfaction forward. However, within the growing human olfaction literature, it is often unclear which statements are inferred from rodent work, and which are directly from human data. In order to avoid confusion and compounded misstatements, there arises a periodic need to assess the state of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system. Our goal here is to provide a thorough review of olfactory literature in order to assess and clarify our current direct knowledge of the human olfactory system, as compared to the rodent olfactory system. A critical examination of confirmed versus inferred features of the human olfactory system will help identify particularly large gaps in this knowledge.We also discuss the clinical importance of obtaining direct knowledge of the human olfactory system. Olfaction is profoundly involved in a broad range of neuropathology, but our understanding of the mechanisms of this involvement is poor. Neurodegenerative diseases often present with early olfactory symptoms in humans (Albers et al., 2006; Barresi et al., 2012; Doty, 2012; Godoy et al., 2015; Hawkes, 2003; Mesholam et al., 1998; Ross et al., 2008), and olfactory loss is a strong predictor of life expectancy (Devanand et al., 2015; Ekström et al., 2017; Pinto et al., 2014; Schubert et al., 2016). Both human and rodent work has implicated olfactory structures in Parkinson’s disease (Doty, 2012; Ubeda-Bañon et al., 2014; Westermann et al., 2008), and there is also significant research from both species suggesting that olfactory cortical structures may be involved in seizure generation for some forms of epilepsy (Espinosa-Jovel et al., 2019; Galovic et al., 2019; Laufs et al., 2011; Menassa et al., 2017; Vaughan and Jackson, 2014; Vismer et al., 2015; Young et al., 2018).
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影响因子：
2.5
作者：
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通讯作者：
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