Low birth weight and air pollution in California: Which sources and components drive the risk?
Low birth weight and air pollution in California: Which sources and components drive the risk?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.034
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发表时间：
2016-07
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Wu J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Laurent O;Hu J;Li L;Kleeman MJ;Bartell SM;Cockburn M;Escobedo L;Wu J
宫内生长受限与暴露于空气污染有关，但有必要澄清哪些来源和成分最有可能造成这种情况。本研究调查了 2001 年至 2008 年期间加州足月婴儿（≥ 37 孕周）的低出生体重（LBW，<2500 克）与按来源和成分划分的空气污染之间的关联。使用了补充暴露模型：用于环境污染物测量值插值的经验贝叶斯克里金模型、面向源的化学传输模型（使用加州排放清单），用于按源和成分估计细颗粒物和超细颗粒物（分别为 PM2.5 和 PM0.1）质量浓度（4 km × 4 km）、精细分辨率下的线源道路扩散模型以及交通指数估计。出生体重是从加州出生证明记录中获得的。使用病例队列设计。每个足月低出生体重病例从足月出生中随机选择五个对照（没有协变量匹配或分层）。使用针对种族/民族、教育程度、母亲年龄和家庭收入进行调整的广义加法混合模型，通过医院随机效应的逻辑回归分析所得数据集。总共纳入了 72,632 例单足月 LBW 病例。 LBW 项与臭氧插值测量值呈显着正相关，但与细颗粒物总量或二氧化氮无关。所有来源的 LBW 和主要 PM 之间没有观察到显着关联。观察到二次有机气溶胶呈显着正相关。接触元素碳 (EC)、硝酸盐和铵也与足月 LBW 呈显着正相关，但仅限于妊娠晚期的接触。研究发现，长期低体重风险与道路汽油和柴油或商业肉类烹饪源排放的初级颗粒物之间存在显着的正相关关系。木材燃烧产生的初级 PM 与 LBW 呈负相关。 LBW 项与使用线源道路扩散模型、交通密度和与道路的接近程度建模的超细颗粒数量之间也观察到显着的正相关。这项基于补充暴露指标的大型研究表明，不仅主要污染源（交通和商业肉类烹饪）而且 EC 和二次污染物都是 LBW 的风险因素。
Intrauterine growth restriction has been associated with exposure to air pollution, but there is a need to clarify which sources and components are most likely responsible. This study investigated the associations between low birth weight (LBW, <2500 g) in term born infants (≥37 gestational weeks) and air pollution by source and composition in California, over the period 2001–2008. Complementary exposure models were used: an empirical Bayesian kriging model for the interpolation of ambient pollutant measurements, a source-oriented chemical transport model (using California emission inventories) that estimated fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM0.1, respectively) mass concentrations (4 km × 4 km) by source and composition, a line-source roadway dispersion model at fine resolution, and traffic index estimates. Birth weight was obtained from California birth certificate records. A case-cohort design was used. Five controls per term LBW case were randomly selected (without covariate matching or stratification) from among term births. The resulting datasets were analyzed by logistic regression with a random effect by hospital, using generalized additive mixed models adjusted for race/ethnicity, education, maternal age and household income. In total 72,632 singleton term LBW cases were included. Term LBW was positively and significantly associated with interpolated measurements of ozone but not total fine PM or nitrogen dioxide. No significant association was observed between term LBW and primary PM from all sources grouped together. A positive significant association was observed for secondary organic aerosols. Exposure to elemental carbon (EC), nitrates and ammonium were also positively and significantly associated with term LBW, but only for exposure during the third trimester of pregnancy. Significant positive associations were observed between term LBW risk and primary PM emitted by on-road gasoline and diesel or by commercial meat cooking sources. Primary PM from wood burning was inversely associated with term LBW. Significant positive associations were also observed between term LBW and ultrafine particle numbers modeled with the line-source roadway dispersion model, traffic density and proximity to roadways. This large study based on complementary exposure metrics suggests that not only primary pollution sources (traffic and commercial meat cooking) but also EC and secondary pollutants are risk factors for term LBW.
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