Developmental shifts in computations used to detect environmental controllability.
Developmental shifts in computations used to detect environmental controllability.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010120
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发表时间：
2022-06
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
环境可控性的准确评估，使个人能够适应性地调整他们的行为，利用奖励时，理想的结果是他们的行动和最大限度地减少昂贵的审议时，他们的行动是无关紧要的。然而，目前还不清楚如何估计环境可控性的变化，从童年到成年。90名参与者（8-25岁）完成了一项在可控和不可控条件之间秘密交替的任务，要求他们探索不同的行动以发现当前环境可控性的程度。我们发现，虽然儿童能够区分可控和不可控的条件，可控性评估的准确性随着年龄的增长而提高。计算模型显示，年轻参与者的可控性评估依赖于通过随机探索收集的证据，而老年参与者更有效地招募他们的任务结构知识，以进行高度信息化的干预。工作记忆中与工作记忆相关的改善介导了这种向增加使用推理策略的质的转变。总的来说，这些发现揭示了与年龄相关的认知过程中的变化，以评估环境的可控性。改善对环境可控性的检测，可以通过揭示何时可以为自己的利益而利用行动，从而促进越来越多的适应性行为。确定一个人的行为何时产生后果的能力组织了整个生命周期的学习和决策。然而，很少有研究探讨如何检测控制我们的环境的能力从童年到成年的变化。在这里，我们利用计算建模框架来表征儿童，青少年和成人可控性评估的组成部分学习过程。我们观察到与年龄相关的可控性评估的改善，源于越来越多的能力，代表国家和行动之间的突发事件，并利用这些知识，使信息干预，产生诊断证据的当前控制程度。提高准确评估环境可控性的能力可能会让人们更好地认识到通过在整个发展过程中以目标为导向的行动来适应性地追求回报的机会。
Accurate assessment of environmental controllability enables individuals to adaptively adjust their behavior—exploiting rewards when desirable outcomes are contingent upon their actions and minimizing costly deliberation when their actions are inconsequential. However, it remains unclear how estimation of environmental controllability changes from childhood to adulthood. Ninety participants (ages 8–25) completed a task that covertly alternated between controllable and uncontrollable conditions, requiring them to explore different actions to discover the current degree of environmental controllability. We found that while children were able to distinguish controllable and uncontrollable conditions, accuracy of controllability assessments improved with age. Computational modeling revealed that whereas younger participants’ controllability assessments relied on evidence gleaned through random exploration, older participants more effectively recruited their task structure knowledge to make highly informative interventions. Age-related improvements in working memory mediated this qualitative shift toward increased use of an inferential strategy. Collectively, these findings reveal an age-related shift in the cognitive processes engaged to assess environmental controllability. Improved detection of environmental controllability may foster increasingly adaptive behavior over development by revealing when actions can be leveraged for one’s benefit. The ability to determine when one’s actions are consequential organizes learning and decision making across the lifespan. However, few studies have examined how the ability to detect control over our environment changes from childhood to adulthood. Here, we leveraged a computational modeling framework to characterize the component learning processes underlying controllability assessment in children, adolescents, and adults. We observed age-related improvements in controllability assessment that stemmed from an increasing ability to represent contingencies between states and actions and to use that knowledge to make informative interventions that yield diagnostic evidence of the current degree of control. Increasing ability to accurately assess environmental controllability may confer greater recognition of opportunities to adaptively pursue rewards through goal-directed action across development.
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