Arctic mustard flower color polymorphism controlled by petal-specific downregulation at the threshold of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.
Arctic mustard flower color polymorphism controlled by petal-specific downregulation at the threshold of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.
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北极芥末花颜色多态性由花瓣特异性下调在花青素生物合成途径的阈值下控制。
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0018230
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发表时间：
2011-04-07
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Whittall JB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dick CA;Buenrostro J;Butler T;Carlson ML;Kliebenstein DJ;Whittall JB
花颜色的种内和种间变异是被子植物多样性的标志。花朵颜色多样性背后的进化力量几乎和颜色本身一样多样。除了传粉媒介的偏好外，非传粉媒介的选择对花色多态性的进化也有重要影响，特别是当所讨论的色素也在营养组织中表达时。在这种情况下，确定选择目标首先要确定花色变异的生化和分子基础，并检查营养组织中表现出来的任何多效性效应。在这里，我们描述了一种广泛的紫白色花的颜色多态性在芥菜Parrya nudicaulis横跨阿拉斯加。白花个体的出现频率随着生长季节温度的升高而增加，这与花青素色素在抗逆性中的作用一致。白花瓣在花青素生物合成途径（ABP）中不能产生应激反应的类黄酮中间体，提示该途径早期受阻。花瓣cDNA序列未发现白色花个体中8个酶编码基因中的任何一个存在阻滞，也未发现任何颜色区分snp。对白花瓣的qRT-PCR分析发现，在ABP阈值下查尔酮合成酶（chalcone synthase， CHS）表达降低了24倍，但叶片和萼片的CHS表达没有变化。这一北极物种通过分离花瓣和叶片中的CHS表达，避免了营养组织中黄酮类中间体损失带来的有害影响，但花色与气候的相关性表明，花瓣中黄酮类物质的损失可能会影响白花个体对寒冷环境的耐受性。
Intra- and interspecific variation in flower color is a hallmark of angiosperm diversity. The evolutionary forces underlying the variety of flower colors can be nearly as diverse as the colors themselves. In addition to pollinator preferences, non-pollinator agents of selection can have a major influence on the evolution of flower color polymorphisms, especially when the pigments in question are also expressed in vegetative tissues. In such cases, identifying the target(s) of selection starts with determining the biochemical and molecular basis for the flower color variation and examining any pleiotropic effects manifested in vegetative tissues. Herein, we describe a widespread purple-white flower color polymorphism in the mustard Parrya nudicaulis spanning Alaska. The frequency of white-flowered individuals increases with increasing growing-season temperature, consistent with the role of anthocyanin pigments in stress tolerance. White petals fail to produce the stress responsive flavonoid intermediates in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (ABP), suggesting an early pathway blockage. Petal cDNA sequences did not reveal blockages in any of the eight enzyme-coding genes in white-flowered individuals, nor any color differentiating SNPs. A qRT-PCR analysis of white petals identified a 24-fold reduction in chalcone synthase (CHS) at the threshold of the ABP, but no change in CHS expression in leaves and sepals. This arctic species has avoided the deleterious effects associated with the loss of flavonoid intermediates in vegetative tissues by decoupling CHS expression in petals and leaves, yet the correlation of flower color and climate suggests that the loss of flavonoids in the petals alone may affect the tolerance of white-flowered individuals to colder environments.
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