Psychedelics, Meditation, and Self-Consciousness.
Psychedelics, Meditation, and Self-Consciousness.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Berkovich-Ohana A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Millière R;Carhart-Harris RL;Roseman L;Trautwein FM;Berkovich-Ohana A
近年来，冥想和迷幻药物的科学研究取得了显着的发展。认知神经科学对冥想的日益关注导致了通过功能和结构神经解剖数据验证的标准冥想风格的跨文化分类。与此同时，迷幻剂研究的复兴揭示了经典迷幻剂（例如裸盖菇素和LSD）引起的意识状态改变的神经生理学，其作用主要是通过血清素受体的激动作用介导的。尽管有有趣的证据表明冥想练习和迷幻状态的现象学和神经生理学之间存在重叠，但很少有人尝试弥合这两个研究领域。特别是，许多冥想传统明确旨在通过冥想引起意识状态的改变来溶解自我意识，而众所周知，经典迷幻药会对自我意识产生显着的破坏，这种现象被称为药物引起的自我溶解。在本文中，我们讨论有关冥想练习和迷幻药物诱导状态的现象学和神经生理学数据之间的趋同和差异的现有证据，特别强调自我体验的改变。虽然冥想和迷幻药都可能扰乱自我意识和潜在的神经过程，但我们强调，冥想和迷幻状态都不能被视为简单、统一的类别。此外，我们认为即使在被描述为自我丧失体验的意识状态之间也存在重要的现象学差异。因此，我们认为，自我意识最好被解释为一种多维结构，而“自我丧失”远不是一种明确的现象，可以采取多种形式。事实上，自我意识的各个方面，包括与自传记忆、自我相关的思想和心理时间旅行相关的叙事方面，以及植根于多感官过程的具体方面，可能会受到致幻剂和冥想练习的不同影响。最后，我们考虑冥想和迷幻药引起的自我丧失经历对个人特征和亲社会行为的长期影响。我们呼吁谨慎对待将暂时的自我丧失状态与“无私”作为一种行为或社会特征的问题混为一谈，尽管有初步证据表明短期自我丧失经历与长期特征改变之间可能存在相关性。
In recent years, the scientific study of meditation and psychedelic drugs has seen remarkable developments. The increased focus on meditation in cognitive neuroscience has led to a cross-cultural classification of standard meditation styles validated by functional and structural neuroanatomical data. Meanwhile, the renaissance of psychedelic research has shed light on the neurophysiology of altered states of consciousness induced by classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD, whose effects are mainly mediated by agonism of serotonin receptors. Few attempts have been made at bridging these two domains of inquiry, despite intriguing evidence of overlap between the phenomenology and neurophysiology of meditation practice and psychedelic states. In particular, many contemplative traditions explicitly aim at dissolving the sense of self by eliciting altered states of consciousness through meditation, while classical psychedelics are known to produce significant disruptions of self-consciousness, a phenomenon known as drug-induced ego dissolution. In this article, we discuss available evidence regarding convergences and differences between phenomenological and neurophysiological data on meditation practice and psychedelic drug-induced states, with a particular emphasis on alterations of self-experience. While both meditation and psychedelics may disrupt self-consciousness and underlying neural processes, we emphasize that neither meditation nor psychedelic states can be conceived as simple, uniform categories. Moreover, we suggest that there are important phenomenological differences even between conscious states described as experiences of self-loss. As a result, we propose that self-consciousness may be best construed as a multidimensional construct, and that “self-loss,” far from being an unequivocal phenomenon, can take several forms. Indeed, various aspects of self-consciousness, including narrative aspects linked to autobiographical memory, self-related thoughts and mental time travel, and embodied aspects rooted in multisensory processes, may be differently affected by psychedelics and meditation practices. Finally, we consider long-term outcomes of experiences of self-loss induced by meditation and psychedelics on individual traits and prosocial behavior. We call for caution regarding the problematic conflation of temporary states of self-loss with “selflessness” as a behavioral or social trait, although there is preliminary evidence that correlations between short-term experiences of self-loss and long-term trait alterations may exist.
影响因子：
2
作者：
Alsmith, Adrian
通讯作者：
Alsmith, Adrian
DOI：
10.1037/10371-006
发表时间：
2000-01-01
期刊：
VARIETIES OF ANOMALOUS EXPERIENCE: EXAMINING THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
影响因子：
--
作者：
Alvarado, CS
通讯作者：
Alvarado, CS