Evolution of prudent predation in complex food webs.
Evolution of prudent predation in complex food webs.
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DOI：
10.1111/ele.13979
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发表时间：
2022-05
期刊：
影响因子：
8.8
通讯作者：
Rossberg, Axel G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Al-Khudhairy, Orestes U. Gutierrez;Rossberg, Axel G.
关键词：
谨慎的捕食者捕捉到足够的猎物来维持他们的种群，但不会破坏他们的种群的生存。食肉动物进化为谨慎的想法在20世纪70年代已经被驳回，但根据现代进化理论，当时援引的论点是站不住脚的。谨慎捕食的进化在两种群捕食者-被捕食者元群落模型中得到了反复的证明。然而，这些模型预测的人口剧烈波动并没有被广泛观察到。在这里，我们表明，在复杂的模型中，谨慎的捕食行为是消费者中介的(“明显的”)对资源的竞争性排斥的结果，这对好斗的消费者不利，不会产生这种波动。我们对这一机制及其结果的经验签名进行了可检验的预测。然后我们讨论这些预测是如何在淡水、海洋和陆地生态系统中得到证实的。预测的特征表明进化的谨慎捕食的解释能力远远超出捕食者和猎物共存的问题，解释了外来入侵物种的意外下降、鱼类种群-补充关系的形状，以及跨纬度梯度和15个数量级的体重的中上层消费者的清除率。提出了进一步检验这一理论的具体研究。作者提出了一种新的理论，解释了捕食者如何进化以捕获足够的猎物来维持它们的种群，但又不至于破坏它们的种群的生存。关键的机制是消费者调解的(“明显的”)竞争排斥资源，这在元社区的背景下使攻击性捕食者处于不利地位，使它们容易受到当地社区突然灭绝的影响。这一机制及其结果的可测试经验签名包括渔业科学中已知但迄今未解释的现象、入侵生态学和异速生长比例定律的研究。
Prudent predators catch sufficient prey to sustain their populations but not as much as to undermine their populations’ survival. The idea that predators evolve to be prudent has been dismissed in the 1970s, but the arguments invoked then are untenable in the light of modern evolution theory. The evolution of prudent predation has repeatedly been demonstrated in two‐species predator–prey metacommunity models. However, the vigorous population fluctuations that these models predict are not widely observed. Here we show that in complex model food webs prudent predation evolves as a result of consumer‐mediated (‘apparent’) competitive exclusion of resources, which disadvantages aggressive consumers and does not generate such fluctuations. We make testable predictions for empirical signatures of this mechanism and its outcomes. Then we discuss how these predictions are borne out across freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Demonstrating explanatory power of evolved prudent predation well beyond the question of predator–prey coexistence, the predicted signatures explain unexpected declines of invasive alien species, the shape of stock–recruitment relations of fish, and the clearance rates of pelagic consumers across the latitudinal gradient and 15 orders of magnitude in body mass. Specific research to further test this theory is proposed. The authors propose a new theory explaining how predators can evolve to catch sufficient prey to sustain their populations but not as much as to undermine their populations’ survival. The key mechanism is consumer‐mediated ("apparent'") competitive exclusion of resources, which disadvantages aggressive predators in the metacommunity context by leaving them vulnerable to sudden extirpation in local communities. Testable empirical signatures of this mechanism and its outcomes include known but hitherto unexplained phenomena in fisheries science, invasion ecology, and the study of allometric scaling laws.
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