X-ray-computed tomography contrast agents.
X-ray-computed tomography contrast agents.
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DOI：
10.1021/cr200358s
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发表时间：
2013-03-13
期刊：
影响因子：
62.1
通讯作者：
Grinstaff, Mark W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lusic, Hrvoie;Grinstaff, Mark W.
X射线计算机断层扫描（CT）是一种成熟的组织成像技术，用于各种研究和临床环境。1具体而言，CT是一种无创临床诊断工具，可对感兴趣的组织进行3D视觉重建和分割。高分辨率CT系统可用于对各种组织类型和器官系统（如胃肠道、心血管系统、肾脏、肝脏、肺、骨骼、软骨、肿瘤组织等）进行无损3D成像。就使用频率和医院可用性而言，CT是最普遍的诊断工具之一。2 CT的使用正在增加，全世界正在使用的临床CT扫描仪的数量估计超过45 000台。今天，仅在美国每年就进行超过7000万次临床CT扫描。关于最近对临床CT成像使用的详细分析，以及关于美国每年进行的常规和对比增强CT扫描数量的数据，我们请读者参考辐射控制计划主任会议（CRCPD）发布的“全国X射线趋势评估”调查。[3]在1895年伦琴发现X射线后不久，就采用了断层摄影术（希腊语：tomos=切片，graphein=绘图）作为医学诊断工具的想法。然而，又过了几十年，技术才发展到足以实现这些想法。第一台成功的CT成像设备于1972年由电气和音乐工业有限公司的GN Hounsfield制造。N. Hounsfield和南非物理学家AM Cormack分享了诺贝尔医学奖，以表彰他们在X射线CT成像和诊断领域的贡献。4X射线是一种电磁辐射，波长大约在0.01到10 nm之间。传统上，X射线是由真空管产生的，使用高电压将电子从阴极加速到（通常）钨合金阳极。在这个过程中，加速的电子以X射线的形式释放电磁辐射，辐射的最大能量受到入射电子能量的限制。现代临床CT扫描仪的工作电压因仪器型号和制造商而异，但通常在80和150 kVp之间。通常，具有较高密度（ρ）或高原子序数（Z）的材料往往更好地吸收X射线。X射线吸收系数（μ）的公式最好地表达了这种关系：
X-ray-computed tomography (CT) is a well-established tissueimaging technique employed in a variety of research and clinical settings. 1 Specifically, CT is a noninvasive clinical diagnostic tool that allows for 3D visual reconstruction and segmentation of tissues of interest. High-resolution CT systems can be used to perform nondestructive 3D imaging of a variety of tissue types and organ systems, such as the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, renal tract, liver, lungs, bone, cartilage, tumorous tissue, etc. CT is one of the most prevalent diagnostic tools in terms of frequency of use and hospital availability. 2 Use of CT is on the rise, and the number of clinical CT scanners in operation worldwide is estimated at over 45 000. 1b Today, over 70 million clinical CT scans are performed yearly in the United States alone. For a recent detailed analysis of the use of clinical CT imaging and data regarding the number of regular and contrast-enhanced CT scans performed annually in the United States we refer the reader to the “Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends” survey published by the Conference for Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD). 3 The idea of using tomography (Greek: tomos= slice, graphein= draw) as a diagnostic tool in medicine was adopted soon after the discovery of X-rays by WC Roentgen in 1895. However, several more decades passed before the technology advanced sufficiently to bring those ideas to fruition. The first successful CT imaging device was built in 1972 by GN Hounsfield at Electric and Musical Industries Ltd. In 1979, G. N. Hounsfield and South African physicist AM Cormack shared a Nobel Prize in medicine for their contributions to the field of X-ray CT imaging and diagnostics. 4X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths roughly between 0.01 and 10 nm. Traditionally, X-rays are generated by a vacuum tube using high voltage to accelerate electrons from a cathode to a (usually) tungsten− alloy anode. In the process, the accelerated electrons release electromagnetic radiation in the form of X-rays and the maximum energy of the radiation is limited by the energy of the incident electron. Operating voltages of modern clinical CT scanners differ among instrument models and manufacturers but generally fall between 80 and 150 kVp. As a rule, materials possessing higher density (ρ) or high atomic number (Z) tend to better absorb X-rays. The relationship is best expressed in the formula for X-ray absorption coefficient (μ):
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