RinA controls phage-mediated packaging and transfer of virulence genes in Gram-positive bacteria.
RinA controls phage-mediated packaging and transfer of virulence genes in Gram-positive bacteria.
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DOI：
10.1093/nar/gkr158
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发表时间：
2011-08
影响因子：
14.9
通讯作者：
Penadés JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ferrer MD;Quiles-Puchalt N;Harwich MD;Tormo-Más MÁ;Campoy S;Barbé J;Lasa I;Novick RP;Christie GE;Penadés JR
噬菌体介导的微生物遗传元件转移在细菌的生活方式和进化中起着至关重要的作用。在这项研究中，我们确定了RinA家族的噬菌体编码的蛋白质作为激活剂所需的转录后期操纵子在一个大组的温带葡萄球菌。RinA与位于terS基因上游的严格调控的启动子区结合，该启动子区控制噬菌体的形态发生和裂解模块的表达，激活它们的转录。正如预期的那样，rinA缺失消除了功能性噬菌体颗粒的形成，并显着降低了噬菌体和致病岛编码的毒力因子的转移。晚期启动子区域的遗传分析表明，272 bp的片段包含启动子和RinA激活所需的区域。此外，我们证明了RinA是激活该启动子区域所需的唯一噬菌体编码蛋白。这一区域在不同的温度下表现出不同的差异。因此，具有不同启动子区域的RinA携带RinA蛋白的等位基因变体，其特异性地识别其自身的启动子序列。最后，大多数革兰氏阳性细菌携带编码RinA同源蛋白的噬菌体。几个这些蛋白质的表征表明，由噬菌体介导的包装和转移的毒力因子的RinA控制是一个保守的机制，调节水平基因转移。
Phage-mediated transfer of microbial genetic elements plays a crucial role in bacterial life style and evolution. In this study, we identify the RinA family of phage-encoded proteins as activators required for transcription of the late operon in a large group of temperate staphylococcal phages. RinA binds to a tightly regulated promoter region, situated upstream of the terS gene, that controls expression of the morphogenetic and lysis modules of the phage, activating their transcription. As expected, rinA deletion eliminated formation of functional phage particles and significantly decreased the transfer of phage and pathogenicity island encoded virulence factors. A genetic analysis of the late promoter region showed that a fragment of 272 bp contains both the promoter and the region necessary for activation by RinA. In addition, we demonstrated that RinA is the only phage-encoded protein required for the activation of this promoter region. This region was shown to be divergent among different phages. Consequently, phages with divergent promoter regions carried allelic variants of the RinA protein, which specifically recognize its own promoter sequence. Finally, most Gram-postive bacteria carry bacteriophages encoding RinA homologue proteins. Characterization of several of these proteins demonstrated that control by RinA of the phage-mediated packaging and transfer of virulence factor is a conserved mechanism regulating horizontal gene transfer.
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