Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers.
Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers.
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00363
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发表时间：
2019-01-23
期刊：
影响因子：
62.1
通讯作者：
Caravan P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wahsner J;Gale EM;Rodríguez-Rodríguez A;Caravan P
全世界每年进行数千万次对比增强磁共振成像（MRI）检查。提高诊断准确性的造影剂几乎完全是小的亲水性钆（III）基螯合物。近年来，人们对这些化合物的长期安全性产生了担忧，这促使人们研究替代品。还推动了开发新的分子靶向造影剂或可以感测局部环境中的病理变化的试剂。这篇综合性综述描述了临床批准的造影剂的最新技术水平、其作用机制以及影响其安全性的因素。从那里，我们描述了不同的机制，产生MR图像对比度，如弛豫，化学交换饱和转移，直接检测和这些目的是有效的分子的类型。接下来，我们描述了通过增加弛豫率、增加对金属离子释放的抵抗力或转向无钆（III）替代品来制造更安全的造影剂的努力。最后，我们调查的方法，使造影剂更具体的病理直接生化靶向或设计的响应或激活造影剂。
Tens of millions of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams are performed annually around the world. The contrast agents, which improve diagnostic accuracy, are almost exclusively small, hydrophilic gadolinium(III) based chelates. In recent years concerns have arisen surrounding the long term safety of these compounds, and this has spurred research into alternatives. There has also been a push to develop new molecularly targeted contrast agents or agents that can sense pathological changes in the local environment. This comprehensive review describes the state of the art of clinically approved contrast agents, their mechanism of action, and factors influencing their safety. From there we describe different mechanisms of generating MR image contrast such as relaxation, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and direct detection and the types of molecules that are effective for these purposes. Next we describe efforts to make safer contrast agents either by increasing relaxivity, increasing resistance to metal ion release, or by moving to gadolinium(III)-free alternatives. Finally we survey approaches to make contrast agents more specific for pathology either by direct biochemical targeting or by the design of responsive or activatable contrast agents.
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