Synaptic Properties and Plasticity Mechanisms of Invertebrate Tonic and Phasic Neurons.
Synaptic Properties and Plasticity Mechanisms of Invertebrate Tonic and Phasic Neurons.
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DOI：
10.3389/fphys.2020.611982
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Littleton JT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aponte-Santiago NA;Littleton JT
定义神经细胞类型及其相关的生物物理和突触多样性已成为神经科学的一个重要目标，作为在后基因组时代创建全面脑细胞图谱的机制。除了广泛的分类，如神经递质表达、中间神经元与锥体、感觉或运动，该领域仍处于了解密切相关细胞类型的早期阶段。在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的神经系统中，与放电特征和突触释放特性相关的一个被很好描述的区别是紧张型和相型神经元亚型。在脊椎动物中，这些类别是基于刺激期间持续的激发反应(强直)和快速适应的瞬时反应(相变)来定义的。在甲壳类动物中，这种区别扩大到包括突触释放特性，紧张性运动神经元表现出持续的放电和较弱的突触，这些突触经历短期促进以维持肌肉收缩和姿势。相比之下，突触较强的时相运动神经元表现出快速的抑制，并在快速运动时被招募为短脉冲。在果蝇中已经发现了与甲壳类相似的强直和相变运动神经元，这使得与该模型相关的遗传工具包可以用于解剖这些神经元亚型的独特性质和可塑性机制。本文概述了无脊椎动物紧张期和时相运动神经元的一般特性，并重点介绍了最近的研究进展，这些特征是与驱动无脊椎动物运动的两种密切相关的谷氨酸能神经元相关的截然不同的突触和可塑性通路。
Defining neuronal cell types and their associated biophysical and synaptic diversity has become an important goal in neuroscience as a mechanism to create comprehensive brain cell atlases in the post-genomic age. Beyond broad classification such as neurotransmitter expression, interneuron vs. pyramidal, sensory or motor, the field is still in the early stages of understanding closely related cell types. In both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, one well-described distinction related to firing characteristics and synaptic release properties are tonic and phasic neuronal subtypes. In vertebrates, these classes were defined based on sustained firing responses during stimulation (tonic) vs. transient responses that rapidly adapt (phasic). In crustaceans, the distinction expanded to include synaptic release properties, with tonic motoneurons displaying sustained firing and weaker synapses that undergo short-term facilitation to maintain muscle contraction and posture. In contrast, phasic motoneurons with stronger synapses showed rapid depression and were recruited for short bursts during fast locomotion. Tonic and phasic motoneurons with similarities to those in crustaceans have been characterized in Drosophila, allowing the genetic toolkit associated with this model to be used for dissecting the unique properties and plasticity mechanisms for these neuronal subtypes. This review outlines general properties of invertebrate tonic and phasic motoneurons and highlights recent advances that characterize distinct synaptic and plasticity pathways associated with two closely related glutamatergic neuronal cell types that drive invertebrate locomotion.
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