Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature.
Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151
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发表时间：
2007-10-19
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Palese P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lowen AC;Mubareka S;Steel J;Palese P
使用豚鼠作为模型宿主，我们表明流感病毒的气溶胶传播取决于环境相对湿度和温度。在20%至80%的相对湿度和5 °C、20 °C或30 °C下进行的20个实验表明，寒冷和干燥条件都有利于传输。在20 °C时，通过气溶胶传播与相对湿度之间的关系与先前报道的流感病毒稳定性之间的关系相似（除了在高相对湿度（80%）下），这意味着湿度的影响主要在病毒颗粒水平上起作用。对于饲养在5 °C下的感染豚鼠，峰值散毒持续时间比饲养在20 °C下的动物长约40 h;这种散毒增加可能是5 °C下观察到的传播增强的原因。为了研究允许延长病毒生长的机制，测定了几种先天免疫介质在上呼吸道中的表达水平。在5 °C和20 °C下饲养的动物之间的先天性应答被证明是相当的，这表明低温（5 °C）不会损害该系统中的先天性免疫应答。虽然流感的季节性流行病学特征很好，但主要冬季传播的根本原因尚不清楚。我们提供了直接的实验证据来支持天气条件在流感动力学中的作用，从而解决了一个长期存在的问题，这是理解流感流行病学和演变的基础。在温带地区，流感流行具有明显的季节性：在北方半球，流感季节从11月持续到3月，而在南半球，流感流行从5月持续到9月。虽然季节性是流感最常见的特征之一，但也是最不了解的特征之一。在寒冷的天气里，室内拥挤，宿主免疫反应的季节性波动，以及环境因素，包括相对湿度，温度和紫外线辐射都被认为是造成这种现象的原因，但这些假设都没有被直接测试。利用豚鼠模型，我们评估了温度和相对湿度对流感病毒传播的影响。通过将感染的豚鼠和未感染的豚鼠一起安置在环境室中，我们在控制温度和湿度的条件下进行了传播实验。我们发现，20%-35%的低相对湿度是最有利的，而在80%的高相对湿度下，透射被完全阻断。此外，当豚鼠保持在5 °C时，传播发生的频率高于20 °C，而在30 °C时，没有检测到传播。我们的数据表明，室内供暖和低温产生的低相对湿度是有利于流感病毒传播的冬季特征。
Using the guinea pig as a model host, we show that aerosol spread of influenza virus is dependent upon both ambient relative humidity and temperature. Twenty experiments performed at relative humidities from 20% to 80% and 5 °C, 20 °C, or 30 °C indicated that both cold and dry conditions favor transmission. The relationship between transmission via aerosols and relative humidity at 20 °C is similar to that previously reported for the stability of influenza viruses (except at high relative humidity, 80%), implying that the effects of humidity act largely at the level of the virus particle. For infected guinea pigs housed at 5 °C, the duration of peak shedding was approximately 40 h longer than that of animals housed at 20 °C; this increased shedding likely accounts for the enhanced transmission seen at 5 °C. To investigate the mechanism permitting prolonged viral growth, expression levels in the upper respiratory tract of several innate immune mediators were determined. Innate responses proved to be comparable between animals housed at 5 °C and 20 °C, suggesting that cold temperature (5 °C) does not impair the innate immune response in this system. Although the seasonal epidemiology of influenza is well characterized, the underlying reasons for predominant wintertime spread are not clear. We provide direct, experimental evidence to support the role of weather conditions in the dynamics of influenza and thereby address a long-standing question fundamental to the understanding of influenza epidemiology and evolution. In temperate regions influenza epidemics recur with marked seasonality: in the northern hemisphere the influenza season spans November to March, while in the southern hemisphere epidemics last from May until September. Although seasonality is one of the most familiar features of influenza, it is also one of the least understood. Indoor crowding during cold weather, seasonal fluctuations in host immune responses, and environmental factors, including relative humidity, temperature, and UV radiation have all been suggested to account for this phenomenon, but none of these hypotheses has been tested directly. Using the guinea pig model, we have evaluated the effects of temperature and relative humidity on influenza virus spread. By housing infected and naïve guinea pigs together in an environmental chamber, we carried out transmission experiments under conditions of controlled temperature and humidity. We found that low relative humidities of 20%–35% were most favorable, while transmission was completely blocked at a high relative humidity of 80%. Furthermore, when guinea pigs were kept at 5 °C, transmission occurred with greater frequency than at 20 °C, while at 30 °C, no transmission was detected. Our data implicate low relative humidities produced by indoor heating and cold temperatures as features of winter that favor influenza virus spread.
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