A test of evolutionary policing theory with data from human societies.
A test of evolutionary policing theory with data from human societies.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0024350
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kümmerli R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kümmerli R
在社会群体中，相互作用的个体之间的相关性很低，合作往往只能通过抑制群体成员之间竞争的机制来维持。抑制竞争机制，如监管和惩罚，似乎在人类社会中特别重要，在人类社会中，合作互动往往发生在不相关的个体之间。与这种观点相一致的是，经济博弈表明，惩罚叛逃者的能力会加强人类之间的合作。在这里，我考察了一个现实世界中抑制竞争体系的例子，即现代人类社会常见的警察机构。具体来说，我测试进化警务理论的警务工作，人均犯罪率和相似性（用作代理遗传相关性）在瑞士的26个州的公民之间的比较数据。这一比较显示，进化警务理论的所有三个预测都得到了充分支持。首先，当控制警务努力，犯罪率与公民之间的相似性呈负相关。这与高相似性导致更高水平的合作自我约束（即更低的犯罪率）的预测一致，因为它使个人的利益保持一致。其次，警务工作与公民之间的相似性呈负相关，支持预测，需要更多的警务，以加强合作，在低相似性的社会，个人的利益分歧最大。第三，加强警务工作与犯罪率下降有关，表明警务工作确实加强了合作。这些分析有力地表明，人类对社会环境的线索做出反应，并调整作弊和警务行为，正如进化警务理论所预测的那样。
In social groups where relatedness among interacting individuals is low, cooperation can often only be maintained through mechanisms that repress competition among group members. Repression-of-competition mechanisms, such as policing and punishment, seem to be of particular importance in human societies, where cooperative interactions often occur among unrelated individuals. In line with this view, economic games have shown that the ability to punish defectors enforces cooperation among humans. Here, I examine a real-world example of a repression-of-competition system, the police institutions common to modern human societies. Specifically, I test evolutionary policing theory by comparing data on policing effort, per capita crime rate, and similarity (used as a proxy for genetic relatedness) among citizens across the 26 cantons of Switzerland. This comparison revealed full support for all three predictions of evolutionary policing theory. First, when controlling for policing efforts, crime rate correlated negatively with the similarity among citizens. This is in line with the prediction that high similarity results in higher levels of cooperative self-restraint (i.e. lower crime rates) because it aligns the interests of individuals. Second, policing effort correlated negatively with the similarity among citizens, supporting the prediction that more policing is required to enforce cooperation in low-similarity societies, where individuals' interests diverge most. Third, increased policing efforts were associated with reductions in crime rates, indicating that policing indeed enforces cooperation. These analyses strongly indicate that humans respond to cues of their social environment and adjust cheating and policing behaviour as predicted by evolutionary policing theory.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0507229103
发表时间：
2006-01-10
影响因子：
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作者：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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影响因子：
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