Deformable adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry: anthropometric data representing size distributions of adult worker populations and software algorithms.
Deformable adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry: anthropometric data representing size distributions of adult worker populations and software algorithms.
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DOI：
10.1088/0031-9155/55/13/015
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发表时间：
2010-07-07
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Xu XG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Na YH;Zhang B;Zhang J;Caracappa PF;Xu XG
代表工人和病人的计算幻影在估计各种职业辐射照射和医疗程序的器官剂量方面是必不可少的。然而，几乎所有现存的幻影都是有意设计成符合国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）定义的参考人的内部和外部解剖特征。为了减少由于解剖变异引起的剂量计算的不确定性，需要新一代的不同器官和身体大小的幻影。本文以表格和图表的形式提供了详细的解剖数据，用于设计这种尺寸可调的模型，代表了一系列成年个体的身高、体重和内部器官体积/质量。我们使用两组不同的信息来得出模拟组：(1)个体内部器官大小和体积/质量分布数据，这些数据来自ICRP在第23和89号出版物中的建议；(2)来自国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES 1999-2002）的全身身高和体重百分位数数据。使用NHANES的19岁男性和女性的身高和体重数据来估计个体的尺寸分布，这是未知的，与ICRP的器官和组织分布相对应。然后，本文演示了这些人体测量数据在可变形解剖模型开发中的应用。一对完全在网格表面上建模的成年雄性和雌性的模型，rpi -成年雄性（AM）和rpi -成年雌性（AF）被用作大小可调节的模型的基础。为了从这两个基本模型中创建百分位数特定的模型，器官表面边界根据制表的人体测量数据被仔细地改变。软件算法开发自动匹配器官的体积和质量与所需的值。最后，这些基于网格的、百分位数特定的模型被转换成基于体素的模型，用于蒙特卡罗辐射传输模拟。本文还比较了暴露在0.5 MeV外部光子束下，rpi - am -5 -身高和体重百分位数幻像（身高165厘米，体重56公斤）和rpi - am -95 -身高和体重百分位数幻像（身高188厘米，体重110公斤）与therpi - am -50 -身高和体重百分位数幻像（身高176厘米，体重73公斤）的吸收器官剂量。结果表明了一个普遍的发现，即代表更瘦、更矮的个体男性的幽灵接受了更高的器官吸收剂量，因为由于体内脂肪较少，光子衰减程度较低。特别是，在rpi - am -5身高和体重百分位数幻象中，前列腺和肾上腺的剂量比在接近ICRP参考人的rpi - am -50身高和体重百分位数幻象中大10%左右。另一方面，rpi - am -95 -身高和体重百分位数幻象中前列腺和肾上腺的剂量比rpi - am -50 -身高和体重百分位数幻象中约高20%。虽然本研究只考虑了有限能量和辐照几何形状的光子辐射，但使用可变形模体技术提高器官剂量准确性的潜力得到了清楚的证明。
Computational phantoms representing workers and patients are essential in estimating organ doses from various occupational radiation exposures and medical procedures. Nearly all existing phantoms, however, were purposely designed to match internal and external anatomical features of the Reference Man as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). To reduce uncertainty in dose calculations caused by anatomical variations, a new generation of phantoms of varying organ and body sizes is needed. This paper presents detailed anatomical data in tables and graphs that are used to design such size-adjustable phantoms representing a range of adult individuals in terms of the body height, body weight and internal organ volume/mass. Two different sets of information are used to derive the phantom sets: (1) individual internal organ size and volume/mass distribution data derived from the recommendations of the ICRP in Publications 23 and 89 and (2) whole-body height and weight percentile data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999–2002). The NHANES height and weight data for 19 year old males and females are used to estimate the distributions of individuals’ size, which is unknown, that corresponds to the ICRP organ and tissue distributions. This paper then demonstrates the usage of these anthropometric data in the development of deformable anatomical phantoms. A pair of phantoms—modeled entirely in mesh surfaces—of the adult male and female, RPI-adult male (AM) and RPI-adult female (AF) are used as the base for size-adjustable phantoms. To create percentile-specific phantoms from these two base phantoms, organ surface boundaries are carefully altered according to the tabulated anthropometric data. Software algorithms are developed to automatically match the organ volumes and masses with desired values. Finally, these mesh-based, percentile-specific phantoms are converted into voxel-based phantoms for Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations. This paper also compares absorbed organ doses for the RPI-AM-5th-height and -weight percentile phantom (165 cm in height and 56 kg in weight) and the RPI-AM-95th-height and -weight percentile phantom (188 cm in height and 110 kg in weight)with those for theRPI-AM-50th-height and -weight percentile phantom (176 cm in height and 73 kg in weight) from exposures to 0.5 MeV external photon beams. The results suggest a general finding that the phantoms representing a slimmer and shorter individual male received higher absorbed organ doses because of lesser degree of photon attenuation due to smaller amount of body fat. In particular, doses to the prostate and adrenal in the RPI-AM-5th-height and -weight percentile phantom is about 10% greater than those in the RPI-AM-50th-height and -weight percentile phantom approximating the ICRP Reference Man. On the other hand, the doses to the prostate and adrenal in the RPI-AM-95th-height and -weight percentile phantom are approximately 20% greater than those in the RPI-AM-50th-height and -weight percentile phantom. Although this study only considered the photon radiation of limited energies and irradiation geometries, the potential to improve the organ dose accuracy using the deformable phantom technology is clearly demonstrated.
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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