Using the tools of genetic epidemiology to understand sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Using the tools of genetic epidemiology to understand sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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DOI:
10.1111/gbb.12660
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发表时间:
2020-07
期刊:
Genes, brain, and behavior
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Almasy L
Almasy L
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Merikangas AK;Almasy L

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许多神经精神疾病在男女之间的患病率、发病年龄、症状或病程方面存在差异。在大多数情况下,这些差异的根源并不清楚。在这篇文章中,我们提供了一个概述的性别差异的精神疾病,包括自闭症谱系障碍(ASD),注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD),焦虑,抑郁,酒精和药物滥用,精神分裂症,饮食失调和自杀的风险。我们讨论了遗传和非遗传机制,这些机制被假设为这些差异的基础,包括确定偏差,环境压力,X或Y连锁的风险位点,以及男性和女性的不同责任阈值。然后,我们回顾了使用双胞胎,家庭和全基因组关联方法来研究性别差异的潜在遗传机制,以及这些设计在精神疾病研究中的应用程度。我们描述了遗传流行病学研究设计的实用性,包括经典的双胞胎和家族研究,人口登记的大规模研究,衍生的复发风险,以及全基因组变异的分子遗传学分析,这些研究可能会增强我们对神经精神疾病性别差异的理解。精神疾病的男女性别比例,按女性中最普遍到最不普遍排序。
Many neuropsychiatric disorders exhibit differences in prevalence, age of onset, symptoms or course of illness between males and females. For the most part, the origins of these differences are not well understood. In this article, we provide an overview of sex differences in psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, alcohol and substance abuse, schizophrenia, eating disorders and risk of suicide. We discuss both genetic and nongenetic mechanisms that have been hypothesized to underlie these differences, including ascertainment bias, environmental stressors, X‐ or Y‐linked risk loci, and differential liability thresholds in males and females. We then review the use of twin, family and genome‐wide association approaches to study potential genetic mechanisms of sex differences and the extent to which these designs have been employed in studies of psychiatric disorders. We describe the utility of genetic epidemiologic study designs, including classical twin and family studies, large‐scale studies of population registries, derived recurrence risks, and molecular genetic analyses of genome‐wide variation that may enhance our understanding sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders. Male to female sex ratio of psychiatric disorders, sorted from most to least prevalent among females.
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