Does loving a group mean hating its rivals? Exploring the relationship between ingroup cohesion and outgroup hostility among soccer fans

Does loving a group mean hating its rivals? Exploring the relationship between ingroup cohesion and outgroup hostility among soccer fans
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爱一个团体就意味着憎恨它的竞争对手吗?

DOI:
10.1080/1612197x.2022.2084140
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
3.3
通讯作者:
Newson M
Newson M
中科院分区:
医学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Newson M

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为什么群体忠诚有时表现为与敌对群体的合作或和平竞争,而有时则表现为暴力的外群体敌意?我们通过在线调查和对英国球迷的实验操作来探讨这个问题。身份融合(一种与群体“合一”的内在感觉)被认为会激发强烈形式的亲群体行动,无论是和平的还是暴力的。我们确定了影响融合支持者群体间行为的三个关键因素:年龄,性别和暴露于外群体威胁。群际行为包括群内利他主义(例如,给予某人的时间,或情感/经济支持),跨越障碍的利他主义(对竞争对手粉丝群体的利他行为),和外群体敌意(例如,侮辱、吐痰或身体攻击)。总的来说,融合的球迷比弱融合的球迷更敌视外群,但他们优先考虑内群利他主义外群的敌意,最有可能报告高水平的跨越障碍的利他主义。年长的融合球迷只在高威胁条件下才希望未来的外群敌意。更清楚地了解调节这些不同行为的因素,是制定更有效的方法减少群体间敌意的关键第一步,至关重要的是,将极端形式的群体结盟转化为和平形式的亲社会行动。
Why does group loyalty sometimes take the form of cooperation or peaceful competition with rival groups and, at other times, violent outgroup hostility? We approached this question using online surveys and an experimental manipulation with British soccer fans. Identity fusion (a visceral sense of “oneness” with the group) is known to motivate strong forms of pro-group action, both peaceful and violent. We identified three crucial factors that influence fused supporters’ intergroup behaviours: age, gender, and exposure to out-group threat. Intergroup behaviours included ingroup altruism (e.g., giving one’s time, or emotional/financial support), barrier-crossing altruism (altruistic acts toward rival fan groups), and outgroup hostility (e.g., insulting, spitting at, or physically attacking). Overall, fused fans were more hostile towards outgroups than were weakly fused fans, but they prioritised ingroup altruism over outgroup hostility, and were most likely to report high levels of barrier-crossing altruism. Older fused fans desired future outgroup hostility only under high threat conditions. A clearer understanding of the factors that modulate these different behaviours is a crucial first step in devising more effective ways of reducing intergroup hostility and, crucially, of channelling extreme forms of group alignment into peaceful forms of prosocial action.
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