The first step in the success or failure of emerging pathogens.
The first step in the success or failure of emerging pathogens.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2020709117
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发表时间：
2020-11-24
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Easterday WR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Easterday WR
“为了了解人类传染病爆发的动态，我们真的需要了解自然界中病原体的动态。在过去的十年里，我听到一位头发花白的生态学家一有机会就重复这句话，理由很充分：这是真的。了解病原体在自然环境中的工作方式可以告诉我们，如果一种特定的病原体从一个物种跳到另一个物种，可能会带来什么后果。暴发始于一个物种中的第一个或索引病例。在这种情况下，病原体的病理学将决定该病原体在其新宿主物种中的命运。Mollentze等人(1)使用感染挑战数据的荟萃分析来预测跨物种感染在病理学方面的可能意义。这项研究与狂犬病特别相关，并可能突出其他传染病跳跃物种的一般影响。至少，除了狂犬病，它为预测传染病的跨物种病理提供了一个很好的框架，成功建立指数感染依赖于互补的宿主和病原体属性。病原体有一个有限的，通常是流线型的遗传密码，它已经进化到通过逃避，攻击或劫持宿主的免疫系统来利用。共同进化使病原体的表型朝着可持续利用其宿主种群的方向发展。当一种病原体进入一个新的宿主物种时，这种感染的结果及其对新宿主物种的意义在很大程度上是神秘的，从良性到灾难性的。其中一些结果可以通过跨物种的实验室感染研究来预测。此外，更大规模的研究或跨研究的荟萃分析可以帮助我们预测和评估跨物种感染的风险。我将讨论病原体生物学、生态学和进化的其他方面，这些方面在病原体跳跃物种之前和之后。
“In order to understand the dynamics of infectious disease outbreaks in humans, we really need to understand the dynamics of the pathogen in nature.”* Over the last decade, I have heard one particular gray-haired ecologist repeat this every chance he gets, for one good reason: It is true. Understanding how pathogens work in natural settings can inform us what consequences may lie ahead if a particular pathogen jumps from one species to another. Outbreaks start with the first or index case in a species. The pathology of the disease agent in that case will determine the fate of that pathogen in its new host species. Mollentze et al.(1) use a meta-analysis of infection challenge data to predict the likely significance, in terms of pathology, of a transspecies infection. This study has particular relevance for rabies and may highlight general implications for other infectious diseases jumping species. At the very least, beyond rabies, it provides an excellent framework for predicting transspecies pathologies for infectious diseases.Successful establishment of the index infection is reliant on complementary host and pathogen attributes. Pathogens have a finite, often streamlined, genetic code, which has evolved to take advantage by evading, attacking, or hijacking the host’s immune system. Coevolution hones the pathogen’s phenotype toward sustainable exploitation of its host’s population. When a pathogen jumps into a new host species, the outcome of that infection and its significance to the new host species is largely cryptic, ranging from benign to disastrous. Some of these outcomes can be predicted using laboratory infection studies across species. Moreover, larger studies or meta-analyses across studies can help us predict and assess risks involving transspecies infections (1). I will discuss some of the other aspects of pathogen biology, ecology, and evolution which precede and follow a pathogen jumping species.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2006778117
发表时间：
2020-11-17
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Mollentze N;Streicker DG;Murcia PR;Hampson K;Biek R
通讯作者：
Biek R
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
van den Driessche P
通讯作者：
van den Driessche P
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Jones KE;Patel NG;Levy MA;Storeygard A;Balk D;Gittleman JL;Daszak P
通讯作者：
Daszak P
影响因子：
8
作者：
Li, Tao;Yao, Hong-Wu;Cao, Wu-Chun
通讯作者：
Cao, Wu-Chun
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Zinsstag J;Schelling E;Waltner-Toews D;Tanner M
通讯作者：
Tanner M