Low levels of transposable element activity in Drosophila mauritiana: causes and consequences

Low levels of transposable element activity in Drosophila mauritiana: causes and consequences
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毛里求斯果蝇转座因子活性低水平:原因和后果

DOI:
10.1101/018218
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
bioRxiv
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
C. Schlötterer
C. Schlötterer
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
R. Kofler;C. Schlötterer

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转座元件(TE)是基因组和表型进化的主要驱动因素,但有关其生物学的许多问题仍然知之甚少。在这里,我们比较了两个姐妹种 D. mauritiana 和 D. simulans 种群之间的 TE 丰度,并将其与关系较远的 D. melanogaster 联系起来。黑腹果蝇和拟果蝇中大多数 TE 插入的群体频率较低,是几种 TE 进化模型的关键特征。然而,在 D. mauritiana 中,大多数 TE 插入是固定的 (66%)。我们将此归因于 D. mauritiana 中多达 47 个 TE 家族的转座活性较低,而不是较强的纯化选择。只有三个科,包括广泛研究的 Mariner,可能在 D. mauritiana 中具有较高的活性。两个最近分化的果蝇物种(约 250,000 年)之间 TE 活性的显着差异也支持了这样的假设:果蝇中的 TE 拷贝数可能无法反映稳定平衡,其中 TE 增益率等于负选择造成的 TE 损失率。我们认为,转座率异质性是由两个物种的生态学对比造成的:定植的 D. simulans 和岛屿特有的 D. mauritiana 之间,TE 家族的垂直灭绝程度和活性 TE 拷贝的水平获取可能非常不同。我们的研究结果为果蝇 TE 的进化提供了新的见解,并表明宿主物种的生态可能是控制 TE 进化动态的一个主要但未被充分认识的因素。
Transposable elements (TEs) are major drivers of genomic and phenotypic evolution, yet many questions about their biology remain poorly understood. Here, we compare TE abundance between populations of the two sister species D. mauritiana und D. simulans and relate it to the more distantly related D. melanogaster. The low population frequency of most TE insertions in D. melanogaster and D. simulans has been a key feature of several models of TE evolution. In D. mauritiana, however, the majority of TE insertions are fixed (66%). We attribute this to a lower transposition activity of up to 47 TE families in D. mauritiana, rather than stronger purifying selection. Only three families, including the extensively studied Mariner, may have a higher activity in D. mauritiana. This remarkable difference in TE activity between two recently diverged Drosophila species (≈ 250,000 years), also supports the hypothesis that TE copy numbers in Drosophila may not reflect a stable equilibrium where the rate of TE gains equals the rate of TE losses by negative selection. We propose that the transposition rate heterogeneity results from the contrasting ecology of the two species: the extent of vertical extinction of TE families and horizontal acquisition of active TE copies may be very different between the colonizing D. simulans and the island endemic D. mauritiana. Our findings provide novel insights in the evolution of TEs in Drosophila and suggest that the ecology of the host species could be a major, yet underappreciated, factor governing the evolutionary dynamics of TEs.
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