Molecular evolution of vertebrate sex-determining genes.

Molecular evolution of vertebrate sex-determining genes.
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DOI:
10.1007/s10577-011-9265-9
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发表时间:
2012-01
影响因子:
2.6
通讯作者:
Ito, Michihiko
Ito, Michihiko
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Mawaribuchi, Shuuji;Yoshimoto, Shin;Ohashi, Shuntaro;Takamatsu, Nobuhiko;Ito, Michihiko

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硬骨鱼青鳉中的 Y 连锁 Dmy(也称为 dmrt1bY)、非洲爪蛙(Xenopus laevis)中的 W 连锁 Dm-W 和鸡中的 Z 连锁 Dmrt1 都是性别决定所需的性染色体连锁 Dmrt1 同源物。 Dmy 和 Dm-W 都是通过 Dmrt1 复制进化而来的 Dmrt1 旁系同源物,而鸡 Dmrt1 是 Z 连锁直系同源物。真兽性别决定基因 Sry 由等位基因 Sox3 进化而来。在这里,我们通过数据库信息并确定青鳉、鸡、非洲爪蟾和小鼠的转录起始位点,分析了几种脊椎动物物种 Dmrt1 同源物的外显子-内含子结构。有趣的是,青鳉 Dmrt1 和 Dmy 以及爪蟾 Dm-W 和 Dmrt1 具有非编码型第一外显子,而小鼠和鸡 Dmrt1 则没有。接下来,我们比较了几种脊椎动物物种的 Dmrt1 非编码和编码外显子 1 的 5' 侧翼序列,发现了一些转录因子的推定结合位点的保守性。重要的是,根据 Dmrt1 和 Sox3 同源物的系统发育树,表明性别决定基因 Dmy、Dm-W 和 Sry 比其原型基因具有更高的替代率。最后,我们讨论了脊椎动物性染色体与性别决定基因 Dmy/Dm-W 和 Sry 之间的进化关系,这些基因分别是通过 Dmrt1 和 Sox3 的新功能化进化而来,具有性别决定功能。我们提出了一种性别决定基因和性染色体的共同进化模型,其中未分化的性染色体很容易用另一个新的性别决定基因替换,而特化的性染色体则被限制为特定的性别决定基因。本文的在线版本 (doi:10.1007/s10577-011-9265-9) 包含补充材料,可供授权用户使用。
Y-linked Dmy (also called dmrt1bY) in the teleost fish medaka, W-linked Dm-W in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), and Z-linked Dmrt1 in the chicken are all sex chromosome-linked Dmrt1 homologues required for sex determination. Dmy and Dm-W both are Dmrt1 palalogues evolved through Dmrt1 duplication, while chicken Dmrt1 is a Z-linked orthologue. The eutherian sex-determining gene, Sry, evolved from an allelic gene, Sox3. Here we analyzed the exon–intron structures of the Dmrt1 homologues of several vertebrate species through information from databases and by determining the transcription initiation sites in medaka, chicken, Xenopus, and mouse. Interestingly, medaka Dmrt1 and Dmy and Xenopus Dm-W and Dmrt1 have a noncoding-type first exon, while mouse and chicken Dmrt1 do not. We next compared the 5′-flanking sequences of the Dmrt1 noncoding and coding exons 1 of several vertebrate species and found conservation of the presumptive binding sites for some transcription factors. Importantly, based on the phylogenetic trees for Dmrt1 and Sox3 homologues, it was implied that the sex-determining gene Dmy, Dm-W, and Sry have a higher substitution rate than thier prototype genes. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary relationships between vertebrate sex chromosomes and the sex-determining genes Dmy/Dm-W and Sry, which evolved by neofunctionalization of Dmrt1 and Sox3, respectively, for sex determining function. We propose a coevolution model of sex determining gene and sex chromosome, in which undifferentiated sex chromosomes easily allow replacement of a sex-determining gene with another new one, while specialized sex chromosomes are restricted a particular sex-determining gene. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10577-011-9265-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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