The development and neurobiology of infant attachment and fear.
The development and neurobiology of infant attachment and fear.
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DOI：
10.1159/000336732
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Sullivan RM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Landers MS;Sullivan RM
晚期婴儿的生存依赖于对照顾者的依恋--这一过程需要婴儿识别、学习、记忆和接近他们的依恋对象。在这里，我们审查的神经生物学依恋在婴儿大鼠的学习照顾者的支持下，一个专门的依恋神经回路，以促进婴儿照顾者的关系。具体来说，依恋回路依赖于婴儿获得对母亲气味的学习偏好，而这种行为得到了功能亢进的蓝斑和大量去甲肾上腺素的支持，从而在嗅球和前梨状皮质中产生经验诱导的变化。婴儿获得习得性厌恶或恐惧的能力也有所降低，这种行为是通过杏仁核可塑性减弱来阻止恐惧学习而促进的。据推测，这种依恋回路限制了婴儿动物只表达习得的偏好，而不管所接受的护理质量如何。当幼犬成熟，开始进出巢穴时，专门化的依恋学习就局限于幼犬和母亲在一起时的情境。因此，当在巢外时，这些年龄较大的幼崽表现出更典型的成人学习，可能是为巢外的独立生活做准备。依恋的质量可以改变这种回路，早期的生活压力通过过早激活杏仁核的功能而过早地终止了幼崽对依恋系统的访问。总的来说，依恋回路似乎有双重功能：让幼崽靠近照顾者，同时塑造幼崽的行为以适应环境，并定义长期的情感和认知。
Survival of altricial infants depends on attachment to the caregiver – a process that requires infants to identify, learn, remember, and approach their attachment figure. Here we review the neurobiology of attachment in infant rats where learning about the caregiver is supported by a specialized attachment neural circuitry to promote the infant-caregiver relationship. Specifically, the attachment circuit relies on infants acquiring learned preferences to the maternal odor, and this behavior is supported by the hyper-functioning locus coeruleus and generous amounts of norepinephrine to produce experience-induced changes in the olfactory bulb and anterior piriform cortex. Infants also possess a reduced ability to acquire learned aversions or fear, and this behavior is facilitated through attenuated amygdala plasticity to block fear learning. Presumably, this attachment circuitry constrains the infant animal to express only learned preferences regardless of the quality of care received. As pups mature, and begin to travel in and out of the nest, the specialized attachment learning becomes contextually confined to when pups are with the mother. Thus, when outside the nest, these older pups show learning more typical of adult learning, presumably to prepare for independent life outside the nest. The quality of attachment can alter this circuitry, with early life stress prematurely terminating the pups’ access to the attachment system through premature functional activation of the amygdala. Overall, the attachment circuit appears to have a dual function: keeping pups close to the caregiver but also to shape pups’ behavior to match the environment and define long-term emotion and cognition.
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影响因子：
2.2
作者：
ALBERTS, JR;MAY, B
通讯作者：
MAY, B
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
BLASS, EM;TEICHER, MH
通讯作者：
TEICHER, MH
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
BRAKE, SC
通讯作者：
BRAKE, SC
影响因子：
25
作者：
Barr, Gordon A.;Moriceau, Stephanie;Sullivan, Regina M.
通讯作者：
Sullivan, Regina M.
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
BOHN, MC
通讯作者：
BOHN, MC