Neuroscientific insights into the development of analogical reasoning.
Neuroscientific insights into the development of analogical reasoning.
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DOI：
10.1111/desc.12531
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发表时间：
2018-03
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Bunge SA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Whitaker KJ;Vendetti MS;Wendelken C;Bunge SA
类比推理，或基于共享关系找到实体之间的对应关系的能力，支持知识获取。因此，儿童时期这种能力的发展被认为是促进学习的。在这里，我们试图更好地理解儿童和青少年时期关于语义关系的类比推理改善的机制（例如，粉笔是黑板，钢笔是...？）。我们假设，年龄相关的差异表现为与以下一种或多种认知功能相关的大脑区域的差异：（1）受控语义检索，或检索任务相关语义关联的能力;（2）反应控制，或克服对显著干扰物的反应倾向的能力;（3）控制情绪的能力。和/或（3）关系整合，或共同考虑两种心理关系的能力。为了验证这些假设，我们分析了95名6至18岁的典型发育儿童在执行图画命题类比任务时的fMRI激活模式。尽管在任务表现上存在很大的年龄相关差异，特别是在6-10岁之间，但直到14岁左右，整个年龄范围的参与者都招募了一个共同的额叶，顶叶和颞叶区域网络。然而，与受控语义提取有关的大脑区域--左前额叶皮层（BA 47/45）--的激活与年龄呈正相关，在控制年龄后也与表现呈正相关。这一发现表明，在童年中期和青春期早期，这种类比推理任务的表现改善主要是由选择性检索任务相关语义关系的能力改善驱动的。
Analogical reasoning, or the ability to find correspondences between entities based on shared relationships, supports knowledge acquisition. As such, the development of this ability during childhood is thought to promote learning. Here, we sought to better understand the mechanisms by which analogical reasoning about semantic relations improves over childhood and adolescence (e.g. chalk is to chalkboard as pen is to…?). We hypothesized that age‐related differences would manifest as differences in the brain regions associated with one or more of the following cognitive functions: (1) controlled semantic retrieval, or the ability to retrieve task‐relevant semantic associations; (2) response control, or the ability to override the tendency to respond to a salient distractor; and/or (3) relational integration, or the ability to consider jointly two mental relations. In order to test these hypotheses, we analyzed patterns of fMRI activation during performance of a pictorial propositional analogy task across 95 typically developing children between the ages of 6 and 18 years old. Despite large age‐related differences in task performance, particularly over ages 6–10 but through to around age 14, participants across the whole age range recruited a common network of frontal, parietal and temporal regions. However, activation in a brain region that has been implicated in controlled semantic retrieval – left anterior prefrontal cortex (BA 47/45) – was positively correlated with age, and also with performance after controlling for age. This finding indicates that improved performance over middle childhood and early adolescence on this analogical reasoning task is driven largely by improvements in the ability to selectively retrieve task‐relevant semantic relationships.
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影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Dumontheil I
通讯作者：
Dumontheil I
影响因子：
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作者：
Cho, Soohyun;Moody, Teena D.;Holyoak, Keith J.
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作者：
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作者：
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