Prenatal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and size at birth in urban pregnant women.
Prenatal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and size at birth in urban pregnant women.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2021.111539
复制
发表时间：
2021-10
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Factor-Litvak P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Balalian AA;Liu X;Herbstman JB;Daniel S;Whyatt R;Rauh V;Calafat AM;Wapner R;Factor-Litvak P
有机磷杀虫剂和除草剂2，4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2，4-D）用于保护作物或控制杂草。拟除虫菊酯用于控制农业和住宅中的害虫，并减少虫媒疾病的传播。几项研究报告了有机磷（作为一个较大的类别）暴露与出生结局之间的负相关性，但这些相关性对于拟除虫菊酯或2，4-D尚未得出结论。我们的目的是调查出生结果与生活在纽约市的健康孕妇中的拟除虫菊酯、有机磷和2，4-D的尿生物标志物之间的关联。我们定量了来自两个队列的269名妇女的2，4-D和有机磷和拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的尿生物标志物：a）甲状腺破坏和婴儿发育（TDID）和B）同胞/兄弟队列（S/H）。我们使用加权分位数和回归和多变量线性回归模型来评估尿肌酐调整的生物标志物浓度的混合物与身长、出生体重和头围的出生结局之间的相关性，控制协变量。我们还使用了线性回归模型，并将生物标志物浓度进一步分为三类（i：不可检测; ii：在检测限和中位数之间; iii：高于中位数），以研究单一农药与这些出生结果的相关性。考虑的协变量包括分娩方式、种族、婚姻状况、教育、收入、就业状况、胎龄、母亲年龄和孕前BMI。对每个队列单独进行分析，并在每个队列内按儿童性别分层。在TDID队列中，我们发现在男孩中，农药混合物的加权分位数和与头围之间存在显著的负相关。我们发现，尿中有机磷毒死蜱、TCPy和2，4-D的生物标志物对TDID队列中男孩的总体混合效应的贡献最大（B=-0.57，95%CI：-0.92，-0.22）（权重分别为0.81和0.16），但在女孩中并非如此。在多变量线性回归模型中，我们发现，在男孩中，母亲尿液中3，5，6-三氯-2-吡啶酚（TCPy，有机磷毒死蜱的代谢物）每增加一个对数单位，头围就会减少-0.56 cm（95%CI：-0.92，-0.19）。在TDID队列的男孩中，与第一种浓度相比，第二种浓度（B=-1.57，95%CI：-2.74，-0.39）和第三种浓度（B=-1.74，95%CI：-2.98，-0.49）的2，4-D与较小的头围相关。在TDID队列中，WQS回归分析或线性回归模型分析的女孩中未观察到拟除虫菊酯和有机磷生物标志物与出生结局之间的相关性。在S/H队列中，男孩的头围随着3-苯氧基苯甲酸（3-PBA，几种拟除虫菊酯的生物标志物）浓度的升高而增加（B=0.53，95%CI：0.03，1.04），女孩的头围在2，4-D高浓度组低于低浓度组（B= −2.27，95%CI：− 3.98，− 0.56）。出生时长也与2，4-D浓度最高呈正相关，而男孩中2，4-D浓度最低（B=4.01，95%CI：0.02，8.00）。在一个队列中，农药的加权分位数和与男孩的头围呈负相关。尽管如此，由于WQS中的方向同质性假设，未检测到正相关。在使用单独农药的线性回归模型中，TCPy浓度与男孩的头围呈负相关，较高浓度的2，4-D与女孩的头围呈负相关; 2，4-D浓度也与男孩的出生长度较高有关。3-PBA浓度与男孩头围呈正相关。
Organophosphate insecticides and the herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are used to protect crops or control weeds. Pyrethroids are used to manage pests both in agriculture and in residences, and to reduce the transmission of insect-borne diseases. Several studies have reported inverse associations between exposure to organophosphates (as a larger class) and birth outcomes but these associations have not been conclusive for pyrethroids or 2,4-D, specifically. We aimed to investigate the association between birth outcomes and urinary biomarkers of pyrethroids, organophosphates and 2,4-D among healthy pregnant women living in New York City. We quantified urinary biomarkers of 2,4-D and of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides from 269 women from two cohorts: a) Thyroid Disruption And Infant Development (TDID) and b) Sibling/Hermanos cohort (S/H). We used weighted quantile sum regression and multivariable linear regression models to evaluate the associations between a mixture of urinary creatinine-adjusted biomarker concentrations and birth outcomes of length, birthweight and head circumference, controlling for covariates. We also used linear regression models and further classified biomarkers concentrations into three categories (i: non-detectable; ii: between the limit of detection and median; and iii: above the median) to investigate single pesticides’ association with these birth outcomes. Covariates considered were delivery mode, ethnicity, marital status, education, income, employment status, gestational age, maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI. Analyses were conducted separately for each cohort and stratified by child sex within each cohort. In TDID cohort, we found a significant inverse association between weighted quantile sum of mixture of pesticides and head circumference among boys. We found that the urinary biomarkers of organophosphate chlorpyrifos, TCPy, and 2,4-D had the largest contribution to the overall mixture effect in the TDID cohort among boys (b=−0.57, 95%CI: −0.92, −0.22) (weights=0.81 and 0.16 respectively) but not among girls. In the multivariable linear regression models, we found that among boys, for each log unit increase in 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy, metabolite of organophosphate chlorpyrifos) in maternal urine, there was a −0.56 cm decrease in head circumference (95%CI: −0.92, −0.19). Among boys in the TDID cohort, 2,4-D was associated with smaller head circumference in the second (b=−1.57; 95%CI: −2.74, −0.39) and third (b= −1.74, 95%CI: −2.98, −0.49) concentration categories compared to the first. No associations between pyrethroid and organophosphate biomarkers and birth outcomes were observed in girls analyzed in WQS regression or individually in linear regression models in TDID cohort. In the S/H cohort, head circumference increased with higher concentrations of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA, a biomarker of several pyrethroids) (b=0.53, 95%CI: 0.03, 1.04) among boys and head circumference was lower among girls in the high compared to low category of 2,4-D (b= −2.27, 95%CI: − 3.98, − 0.56). Birth length was also positively associated with the highest concentration of 2,4-D compared to the lowest among boys (b=4.01, 95%CI: 0.02,8.00). Weighted quantile sum of pesticides was negatively associated with head circumference among boys in one cohort. Nonetheless, due to directional homogeneity assumption in WQS no positive associations were detected. In linear regression models with individual pesticides, concentrations of TCPy were inversely associated with head circumference in boys and higher concentrations of 2,4-D was inversely associated with head circumference among girls; 2,4-D concentrations were also associated with higher birth length among boys. Concentrations of 3-PBA was positively associated with head circumference among boys.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Eskenazi B;Harley K;Bradman A;Weltzien E;Jewell NP;Barr DB;Furlong CE;Holland NT
通讯作者：
Holland NT
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Farag, AT;El Okazy, AM;El-Aswed, AF
通讯作者：
El-Aswed, AF
DOI：
10.3390/ijerph17176164
发表时间：
2020-08-25
影响因子：
--
作者：
Balalian AA;Liu X;Siegel EL;Herbstman JB;Rauh V;Wapner R;Factor-Litvak P;Whyatt R
通讯作者：
Whyatt R
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Eskenazi B;Bradman A;Castorina R
通讯作者：
Castorina R
DOI：
10.1006/faat.1996.0013
发表时间：
1996-01-01
期刊：
FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
Breslin, WJ;Liberacki, AB;Quast, JF
通讯作者：
Quast, JF