Speaker gaze increases information coupling between infant and adult brains.
Speaker gaze increases information coupling between infant and adult brains.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1702493114
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发表时间：
2017-12-12
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Wass S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leong V;Byrne E;Clackson K;Georgieva S;Lam S;Wass S
在交流过程中，社会明示信号（如凝视）以一种暂时的偶然方式交换。同步的行为在人类二代中创造了社会联系，甚至婴儿的行为也与成年人同步。然而，支持婴儿-成人同步的神经机制尚不清楚。在这里，我们提供的证据表明，与凝视厌恶相比，当提供直接的明示凝视时，婴儿与成人伴侣的神经同步上调。因此，凝视使婴儿-成人的神经活动相互对齐，形成一种联合网络状态，这可能有助于沟通的成功。此外，婴儿自身的交流尝试与成人对他们的神经同步正相关，表明婴儿-成人双体之间的同步相互调节。因此，人际神经同步可能为婴儿构建自己最早的社会网络提供了一种机制。当婴儿和成人交流时，他们交换可用性和交流意图的社会信号，如目光。先前的研究表明，当沟通成功时，成年说话者和听者的神经活动之间会产生密切的时间依赖性。然而，尚不清楚在成人-婴儿双体中是否存在类似的神经偶然性。在这里，我们使用双脑电图来评估在基于屏幕的互动和实时互动中，直接凝视是否会增加成人和婴儿之间的神经耦合。在实验1 （n = 17）中，婴儿观看成人唱童谣的视频，其中(i)直接凝视（向前看），（ii）间接凝视（头部和眼睛转向20°），或（iii）直接倾斜凝视（头部转向，但眼睛朝向前方）。在实验2 （n = 19）中，婴儿在现场观看同一个成年人，用直接或间接的目光唱歌。使用部分定向相干性测量成人-婴儿神经网络连通性的注视相关变化。在这两个实验中，成人对婴儿的神经活动有显著的（格兰杰）因果影响，在直接凝视和直接斜视时，这种影响相对于间接凝视更强。在现场互动中，婴儿对成人的直接注视比间接注视更大。此外，婴儿在直视时发声频率更高，个别发声时间较长的婴儿也会从成人那里获得更强的同步性。这些结果表明，在交流过程中，直接凝视增强了成人-婴儿双向神经连接。因此，显性社会信号可以使大脑进入相互的时间对齐，创造一种联合网络状态，这种状态的结构有利于早期沟通和学习中的信息传递。
During communication, social ostensive signals (like gaze) are exchanged in a temporally contingent manner. Synchronized behavior creates social connectedness within human dyads, and even infants synchronize behaviorally with adults. However, the neural mechanisms that support infant–adult synchronization are unknown. Here, we provide evidence that infants up-regulate neural synchronization with adult partners when offered direct ostensive gaze, as compared with gaze aversion. Gaze therefore brings infant–adult neural activity into mutual alignment, creating a joint-networked state that may facilitate communicative success. Further, infants’ own communicative attempts were positively associated with adults’ neural synchronization to them, indicating mutual regulation of synchronization within infant–adult dyads. Thus, interpersonal neural synchronization may provide a mechanism by which infants construct their own earliest social networks. When infants and adults communicate, they exchange social signals of availability and communicative intention such as eye gaze. Previous research indicates that when communication is successful, close temporal dependencies arise between adult speakers’ and listeners’ neural activity. However, it is not known whether similar neural contingencies exist within adult–infant dyads. Here, we used dual-electroencephalography to assess whether direct gaze increases neural coupling between adults and infants during screen-based and live interactions. In experiment 1 (n = 17), infants viewed videos of an adult who was singing nursery rhymes with (i) direct gaze (looking forward), (ii) indirect gaze (head and eyes averted by 20°), or (iii) direct-oblique gaze (head averted but eyes orientated forward). In experiment 2 (n = 19), infants viewed the same adult in a live context, singing with direct or indirect gaze. Gaze-related changes in adult–infant neural network connectivity were measured using partial directed coherence. Across both experiments, the adult had a significant (Granger) causal influence on infants’ neural activity, which was stronger during direct and direct-oblique gaze relative to indirect gaze. During live interactions, infants also influenced the adult more during direct than indirect gaze. Further, infants vocalized more frequently during live direct gaze, and individual infants who vocalized longer also elicited stronger synchronization from the adult. These results demonstrate that direct gaze strengthens bidirectional adult–infant neural connectivity during communication. Thus, ostensive social signals could act to bring brains into mutual temporal alignment, creating a joint-networked state that is structured to facilitate information transfer during early communication and learning.
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