Marine biofilm bacteria evade eukaryotic predation by targeted chemical defense.
Marine biofilm bacteria evade eukaryotic predation by targeted chemical defense.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0002744
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发表时间：
2008-07-23
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kjelleberg S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Matz C;Webb JS;Schupp PJ;Phang SY;Penesyan A;Egan S;Steinberg P;Kjelleberg S
许多植物和动物通过抑制性次级代谢物来抵御捕食或食草动物，这在海洋环境中在固着生物中非常常见。在细菌中，有最大的代谢潜力，对细菌消费者的化学防御知之甚少。一个新兴的假设是，固着细菌群落组织的生物膜作为细菌的避难所捕食。通过测试两种常见的食菌纳米鞭毛虫的生长和存活，我们发现了化学介导的对原生动物捕食者的抗性在不同海洋细菌的生物膜种群中很常见的证据。使用生物测定指导的化学和遗传分析，我们确定了最有效的抗原虫化合物之一，为violacein，生物碱，我们证明主要是在生物膜细胞内产生。纳摩尔浓度的紫色霉素通过诱导保守的真核细胞死亡程序抑制原生动物进食。这种生物膜特异性的化学防御可能有助于生物膜细菌在各种环境中的成功持久性，并为许多靶向真核生物的细菌代谢产物提供生态和进化背景。
Many plants and animals are defended from predation or herbivory by inhibitory secondary metabolites, which in the marine environment are very common among sessile organisms. Among bacteria, where there is the greatest metabolic potential, little is known about chemical defenses against bacterivorous consumers. An emerging hypothesis is that sessile bacterial communities organized as biofilms serve as bacterial refuge from predation. By testing growth and survival of two common bacterivorous nanoflagellates, we find evidence that chemically mediated resistance against protozoan predators is common among biofilm populations in a diverse set of marine bacteria. Using bioassay-guided chemical and genetic analysis, we identified one of the most effective antiprotozoal compounds as violacein, an alkaloid that we demonstrate is produced predominately within biofilm cells. Nanomolar concentrations of violacein inhibit protozoan feeding by inducing a conserved eukaryotic cell death program. Such biofilm-specific chemical defenses could contribute to the successful persistence of biofilm bacteria in various environments and provide the ecological and evolutionary context for a number of eukaryote-targeting bacterial metabolites.
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