Differences of airborne and mural microorganisms in a 1,500-year-old Xu Xianxiu's Tomb, Taiyuan, China.
Differences of airborne and mural microorganisms in a 1,500-year-old Xu Xianxiu's Tomb, Taiyuan, China.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2023.1253461
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
微生物定植是地下文化遗产保护的主要威胁之一。近年来，墓葬壁画上的微生物定植逐渐引起人们的关注。本研究共采集了33个样品，其中包括27个气溶胶样品和6个壁画样品，并采用文化相关的方法进行了分析。比较了从空气和壁画中分离的可培养细菌和真菌的数量，探讨了微生物对壁画生物劣化的潜在影响。系统发育分析表明，可培养细菌属于芽孢杆菌属、微杆菌属、溶杆菌属和节杆菌属。真菌以青霉属、枝孢属和曲霉属为主。墓外空气中细菌和真菌的组成和结构与墓内有显著差异。不同采样点空气中细菌和真菌浓度的变化趋势非常相似。耐冷芽孢杆菌、耐盐芽孢杆菌、萨福芽孢杆菌、墨西哥产芽孢杆菌、溶烯微杆菌和云南微球菌是常见的从壁画和空气环境中分离的细菌种。从气溶胶样品和壁画样品中常见的真菌种类是互隔交链孢菌、枝孢霉、短密青霉和Peyronellaea glomerata。对细菌生态功能的预测表明，化学异养或好氧化学异养在所有样品类型中占相当大的比例。这些结果表明，墓室内外环境之间的气溶胶循环很弱，外部环境尚未对墓室内的空气微生物群落产生影响。微生物与特定微环境因子相互作用介导的微生物选择性定殖是壁画生物劣化的重要原因。
Microbial colonization represents one of the main threats to the conservation of subterranean cultural heritage sites. Recently, the microbial colonization on murals in tombs has gradually attracted attention. In this study, a total of 33 samples, including 27 aerosol samples and 6 mural painting samples, were collected from different sites of Xu Xianxiu’s Tomb and analyzed using culture-dependent methods. We compared the diversities of culturable bacteria and fungi isolated from the air and murals and explored the potential impacts of microorganisms on the biodeterioration of the murals. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the culturable bacteria belonged to Bacillus, Microbacterium, Lysobacter and Arthrobacter. And the most of fungal belonged to the Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus genera. The composition and structure of airborne bacteria and fungi outside the tomb were both significantly different from that inside the tomb. The variation trends of airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations at different sampling sites were remarkably similar. Bacillus frigoritolerans, Bacillus halotolerans, Bacillus safensis, Exiguobacterium mexicanum, Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum, and Micrococcus yunnanensis were bacterial species commonly isolated from both the mural and air environments. Fungal species commonly isolated from aerosol samples and mural painting samples were Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, and Peyronellaea glomerata. The prediction of the ecological functions of the bacteria revealed that chemoheterotrophy or aerobic_chemoheterotrophy accounted for substantial relative proportions in all sample types. These results suggest that the aerosol circulation between the inside and outside environments of the tomb was weak and that the outside environment had yet to have an impact on the air microbial community inside the tomb. Selective colonization of microorganisms, which is mediated by interaction between microorganisms and special microenvironmental factors, is an important reason for the biodeterioration of murals.
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Genuite K;Delannoy JJ;Bahain JJ;Gresse M;Jaillet S;Philippe A;Pons-Branchu E;Revil A;Voinchet P
通讯作者：
Voinchet P
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Myers NT;Calderón L;Pavilonis B;Wang Z;Xiong Y;Sorensen-Allacci M;Plotnik D;Senick J;Gong J;Krogmann U;Andrews CJ;Mainelis G
通讯作者：
Mainelis G