Borealization of nearshore fishes on an interior Arctic shelf over multiple decades
Borealization of nearshore fishes on an interior Arctic shelf over multiple decades
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几十年来北极内陆架近岸鱼类的北化
DOI：
10.1111/gcb.16576
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Dunton, Kenneth H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
von Biela, Vanessa R.;Laske, Sarah M.;Stanek, Ashley E.;Brown, Randy J.;Dunton, Kenneth H.
北方化是一种群落重组，在这种重组中，北极专家被更多分布在北方的物种所取代，以应对气候变暖。北方化的过程通常表现为向北的范围扩张和随后太平洋和大西洋流入北极大陆架上北方物种的扩散（即，白令海/楚科奇海和巴伦支海）。但是，在最近的变暖之前，北极北方鱼类的绕极近岸分布表明，在流入大陆架之外，北方化是可能的。为了研究这个问题，我们重新访问了两个近岸泻湖在阿拉斯加东部博福特海（卡克托维克和贾戈泻湖，北极国家野生动物保护区，阿拉斯加，美国），北极内陆架。我们比较了跨越30年记录的三个时期（基线条件，1988-1991;适度海冰下降，2003-2005;快速海冰下降，2017-2019）的夏季鱼类种群，捕捞率和大小分布。鱼类组合不同时期在两个泻湖，与borealization一致。在北极专家中，两个泻湖的四角杜父鱼（Myoxocephalus quadricornis，Iñupiaq的Kanayuq）明显下降，与基线期相比，捕捞率降低了86%-90%。在北极寒带物种中，两个泻湖中的鳕鱼（Eleginus gracilis，Uugaq）急剧增加了18至19倍。鱼的大小（长度）分布表明，对于大多数检查的物种，较大鱼类的比例增加，与存活率增加和年龄组增加一致。这些实地数据说明了北极近岸鱼类群落在快速变暖期间的北极化。我们的研究结果与预测一致，即北极北方鱼类（例如，北极鳕鱼）处于有利地位，可以利用不断变化的北极生态系统。另一个北极北方物种，多莉瓦登（Salvelinus malma，Iqalukpik），似乎已经通过从北极近岸转移到大陆架沃茨来应对变暖。更广泛地说，我们的研究结果表明，在环极近岸地区可能是广泛的。
Borealization is a type of community reorganization where Arctic specialists are replaced by species with more boreal distributions in response to climatic warming. The process of borealization is often exemplified by the northward range expansions and subsequent proliferation of boreal species on the Pacific and Atlantic inflow Arctic shelves (i.e., Bering/Chukchi and Barents seas, respectively). But the circumpolar nearshore distribution of Arctic‐boreal fishes that predates recent warming suggests borealization is possible beyond inflow shelves. To examine this question, we revisited two nearshore lagoons in the eastern Alaska Beaufort Sea (Kaktovik and Jago lagoons, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, USA), a High Arctic interior shelf. We compared summer fish species assemblage, catch rate, and size distribution among three periods that spanned a 30‐year record (baseline conditions, 1988–1991; moderate sea ice decline, 2003–2005; rapid sea ice decline, 2017–2019). Fish assemblages differed among periods in both lagoons, consistent with borealization. Among Arctic specialists, a clear decline in fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis, Kanayuq in Iñupiaq) occurred in both lagoons with 86%–90% lower catch rates compared with the baseline period. Among the Arctic‐boreal species, a dramatic 18‐ to 19‐fold increase in saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis, Uugaq) occurred in both lagoons. Fish size (length) distributions demonstrated increases in the proportion of larger fish for most species examined, consistent with increasing survival and addition of age‐classes. These field data illustrate borealization of an Arctic nearshore fish community during a period of rapid warming. Our results agree with predictions that Arctic‐boreal fishes (e.g., saffron cod) are well positioned to exploit the changing Arctic ecosystem. Another Arctic‐boreal species, Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma, Iqalukpik), appear to have already responded to warming by shifting from Arctic nearshore to shelf waters. More broadly, our findings suggest that areas of borealization could be widespread in the circumpolar nearshore.
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