Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century.
Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1809426115
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发表时间：
2018-11-20
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Hyndman DW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Moran EF;Lopez MC;Moore N;Müller N;Hyndman DW
北美和欧洲国家在1975年之前建造了许多大型水坝，之后由于负面的社会和环境影响，这两个国家开始放弃很大一部分已安装的水电。然而，最近的趋势是在发展中国家，特别是在亚马逊河、刚果河和湄公河等巨型河流流域建造新的大型水电大坝。这些河流系统的社会经济和环境破坏甚至比北美和欧洲的早期成本更大。本文讨论了水电部门如何不仅需要关注能源生产，而且还需要包括大坝造成的负面社会和环境外部性，并认识到目前的常见做法的不可持续性。水电一直是全球可再生能源的主要来源，截至2016年，水电供应量占全球可再生能源供应量的71%。1920年至1970年期间，北美和欧洲建造了数千座水坝。发达国家不再建造大坝，因为最好的大坝地点已经开发出来，环境和社会问题使成本无法接受。如今，在北美和欧洲，拆除的水坝比建造的水坝还多。水电行业转向在发展中国家建造水坝，自20世纪70年代以来，开始沿着湄公河流域，亚马逊河流域和刚果河流域建造更大的水电大坝。同样的问题正在重复：破坏河流生态，砍伐森林，失去水生和陆地生物多样性，释放大量温室气体，使成千上万的人流离失所，改变人们的生计，并影响他们附近的粮食系统，水质和农业。本文研究了发展中国家大型水坝的激增，以及将气候变化纳入是否建造水坝的考虑因素的重要性，沿着一些治理和补偿挑战。我们还研究了利益的高估和成本的低估沿着的变化，需要解决的合法的社会和环境问题的人生活在地区的水坝计划。最后，我们提出了创新的解决方案，可以将水电与太阳能，风能和其他可再生能源一起推向可持续发展的实践。
North American and European countries built many large dams until 1975, after which both started to abandon a significant part of their installed hydropower because of the negative social and environmental impacts. However, there has been a recent trend of new large hydropower dams being built in developing countries, particularly in megabiodiversity river basins, such as the Amazon, the Congo, and the Mekong. The socioeconomic and environmental damages in these river systems are even greater than the early costs in North America and Europe. This paper discusses how the hydropower sector needs to not only focus on energy production but also, include the negative social and environmental externalities caused by dams and recognize the unsustainability of current common practices. Hydropower has been the leading source of renewable energy across the world, accounting for up to 71% of this supply as of 2016. This capacity was built up in North America and Europe between 1920 and 1970 when thousands of dams were built. Big dams stopped being built in developed nations, because the best sites for dams were already developed and environmental and social concerns made the costs unacceptable. Nowadays, more dams are being removed in North America and Europe than are being built. The hydropower industry moved to building dams in the developing world and since the 1970s, began to build even larger hydropower dams along the Mekong River Basin, the Amazon River Basin, and the Congo River Basin. The same problems are being repeated: disrupting river ecology, deforestation, losing aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, releasing substantial greenhouse gases, displacing thousands of people, and altering people’s livelihoods plus affecting the food systems, water quality, and agriculture near them. This paper studies the proliferation of large dams in developing countries and the importance of incorporating climate change into considerations of whether to build a dam along with some of the governance and compensation challenges. We also examine the overestimation of benefits and underestimation of costs along with changes that are needed to address the legitimate social and environmental concerns of people living in areas where dams are planned. Finally, we propose innovative solutions that can move hydropower toward sustainable practices together with solar, wind, and other renewable sources.
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