Projectile impact fractures and launching mechanisms: results of a controlled ballistic experiment using replica Levallois points

Projectile impact fractures and launching mechanisms: results of a controlled ballistic experiment using replica Levallois points
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弹丸冲击断裂和发射机制:使用复制勒瓦卢瓦点的受控弹道实验的结果

DOI:
10.1016/j.jas.2013.01.031
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发表时间:
2013
影响因子:
2.8
通讯作者:
Jäger F
Jäger F
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Iovita R;Schönekeß H;Gaudzinski-Windheuser S;Jäger F

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确定史前时期石头发射武器的使用对于理解人类的战略行为和认知能力非常重要。此类识别基于“诊断性冲击骨折”(DIF),假设是由于尖端与猎物体内有机材料之间的碰撞而形成的。然而,要证明武器的使用,就需要记录撞击速度和(或)动能,这些速度和(或)动能不可能是意外发生的,也不可能是其他任务的副产品。我们提出了一个新的实验,旨在调查在受控条件下的冲击断裂形成的速度的影响。我们用气枪向一个由聚氨酯骨状板、弹道明胶和皮革制成的复合靶发射了234支几乎相同的长矛,长矛的尖端是用钠钙玻璃浇铸的勒瓦卢瓦尖的复制品。冲击速度范围为10.7 ~ 10.30 m/s,冲击角(IA)以15°为增量变化,范围为90° ~-45°。我们表明,现实的DIF可以在这些受控条件下生产。纵向尖端宏观断裂的频率与冲击速度成正比,但与IA成反比。尖端断裂类型和目标上留下的损伤类型之间的关系解释了形成不同DIF的接触条件。不能确定启动或终止类型与速度之间的关系。因此,我们得出结论,“阶梯终止弯曲骨折”不应被视为诊断武器使用没有进一步的支持证据。此外,尽管当IA保持恒定时裂缝长度随速度增加,但是在具有不同IA的试验之间存在大量重叠。鉴于预期的高方差IA在真实的狩猎情况下,大型纵向宏观裂缝的提示考古恢复的岩性不应自动解释为导致使用高速弹丸。我们讨论了这项研究的影响,史前武器运载系统的分化,特别是关于认识到尼安德特人使用石尖武器。
Identifying the use of stone-tipped projectile weapons in prehistory is important for understanding hominin strategic behavior and cognitive capacities. Such identifications are based on ‘diagnostic impact fractures’ (DIFs), assumed to form as a result of collisions between the tips and organic materials in the prey body. However, demonstrating weapon use requires documenting an impact speed and/or kinetic energy beyond those likely to occur accidentally or as a by-product of other tasks. We present a new experiment aimed at investigating the influence of speed on impact fracture formation in controlled conditions. Using an air-gun, we fired 234 nearly identical spears tipped with copies of a Levallois point cast in soda-lime glass into a composite target made of polyurethane bone-like plates, ballistic gelatin, and leather. The impact speed ranged from ≈7 to ≈30 m/s and the impact angle (IA) varied in increments of 15°, from 90° to –45°. We show that realistic DIFs can be produced under these controlled conditions. The frequency of longitudinal tip macrofractures is directly proportional to the impact speed but inversely proportional to the IA. The relationship between the tip fracture type and the type of damage left on the target explains the contact conditions for the formation of different DIFs. No relationship between either initiation or termination type and speed could be established. Therefore, we conclude that ‘step-terminating bending fractures’ should not be considered diagnostic of weapon use without further supporting evidence. Further, although fracture length increases with speed when IA is held constant, a great deal of overlap exists between trials with different IAs. Given the expected high variance in IA in real hunting situations, large longitudinal macrofractures on the tips of archaeologically recovered lithics should not automatically be interpreted as resulting from the use of high-speed projectiles. We discuss the study's implications for the differentiation of prehistoric weapon-delivery systems, especially regarding recognizing stonetipped weapon use by Neandertals.
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