The dynamics of latifundia formation.
The dynamics of latifundia formation.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0082863
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Chaves LF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chaves LF
土地所有权不平等是世界范围内发展中国家的一个主要社会问题。在土地是商品的社会中，土地保有权的不平等与收入分配差距、贫穷和生物多样性丧失有关。在文明史上，土地所有权不平等的一个常见模式是大庄园的形成，即，土地所有权集中在一小部分人手中的模式。在这里，我们使用简单的马尔可夫链模型来研究在异质景观的土地可以在森林，农业和恢复土地之间过渡的大庄园形成的动态。我们系统地研究了在前资本主义贸易的假设下，大庄园形成的可能性，其中贸易是基于在离散的时间步长内属于每个土地所有者的地块的平均效用。通过将土地贸易限制在恢复阶段，我们发现大庄园形成的可能性随着系统的规模而增加，即，社会中的土地和个人数量。我们发现，土地利用变化的过渡率的增加，即，土地使用的变化速度，促进更公平的土地所有权模式。疾病引入系统中，这降低了受感染的个体土地所有者的土地盈利能力，促进了大房的形成，当对感染的易感性存在异质性时，大房形成的可能性增加。最后，我们的模型表明，土地所有权改革需要保证土地在社会中的个人之间的公平分配，以避免形成大庄园。
Land tenure inequity is a major social problem in developing nations worldwide. In societies, where land is a commodity, inequities in land tenure are associated with gaps in income distribution, poverty and biodiversity loss. A common pattern of land tenure inequities through the history of civilization has been the formation of latifundia [Zhuāngyuán in chinese], i.e., a pattern where land ownership is concentrated by a small fraction of the whole population. Here, we use simple Markov chain models to study the dynamics of latifundia formation in a heterogeneous landscape where land can transition between forest, agriculture and recovering land. We systematically study the likelihood of latifundia formation under the assumption of pre-capitalist trade, where trade is based on the average utility of land parcels belonging to each individual landowner during a discrete time step. By restricting land trade to that under recovery, we found the likelihood of latifundia formation to increase with the size of the system, i.e., the amount of land and individuals in the society. We found that an increase of the transition rate for land use changes, i.e., how quickly land use changes, promotes more equitable patterns of land ownership. Disease introduction in the system, which reduced land profitability for infected individual landowners, promoted the formation of latifundia, with an increased likelihood for latifundia formation when there were heterogeneities in the susceptibility to infection. Finally, our model suggests that land ownership reforms need to guarantee an equitative distribution of land among individuals in a society to avoid the formation of latifundia.
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