Competition for food in a solitarily foraging folivorous primate (Lepilemur leucopus)?
Competition for food in a solitarily foraging folivorous primate (Lepilemur leucopus)?
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DOI：
10.1002/ajp.22272
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发表时间：
2014-09
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Kappeler, Peter M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Droescher, Iris;Kappeler, Peter M.
群居的食性灵长类动物会经历食物竞争，而单独觅食的食性和杂食性灵长类动物也会经历食物竞争。然而，人们对孤立的叶食性觅食者的喂养竞争的类型和后果知之甚少。我们在马达加斯加南部Berenty保护区的多刺森林中进行了这项研究，以描述夜间单独觅食的白足狐猴（Lepilemur leucopus）的竞争制度，这种物种分散成对生活。我们分析了同时记录的七个社会单位中每个雄性和雌性的1,213小时的行为观察，并记录了在一个完整的年度周期内食物供应的季节性变化。Lepilemur leucopus的日粮选择选择性较低，主要包括最丰富的植物种类。与我们的预测相反，我们没有发现证据表明在淡季，无论是在社会单位内部还是在社会单位之间，竞争（即从食物树上迁移）或争夺竞争（即共享食物块）的比率增加。相反，冲突率全年都很低，而且，在这些观察中，任何喂养压力可能更多地与食物质量而不是数量有关。资源防御假说可能无法解释这种物种的成对生活，因为没有迹象表明雄性会为雌性伴侣保护食物资源。观察到的缺乏捕食竞争可能表明，与争夺食物的冲突相比，隐蔽的反捕食者策略更能预测伴侣的空间回避。虽然隐蔽的反捕食者利益可以解释，至少部分地解释雌性-雌性回避，但需要研究领地大小/质量与繁殖成功之间的关系，以了解取食竞争是否会降低L. leucopus雌性交配的潜力。
Group-living folivorous primates can experience competition for food, and feeding competition has also been documented for solitarily foraging gummivorous and omnivorous primates. However, little is known about the types and consequences of feeding competition in solitary folivorous foragers. We conducted this study in the spiny forest of Berenty Reserve, southern Madagascar, to characterize the competitive regime of the nocturnal solitarily foraging white-footed sportive lemur (Lepilemur leucopus), a species that lives in dispersed pairs. We analyzed 1,213 hr of behavioral observations recorded simultaneously for the male and female of each of seven social units and recorded seasonal changes in food availability over a complete annual cycle. Lepilemur leucopus exhibited low selectivity in its dietary choice and mainly included the most abundant plant species in its diet. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find evidence for increased rates of contest (i.e., displacement from food trees) or scramble competition (i.e., shared use of food patches) during the lean season, neither within nor between social units. Instead, conflict rates were low throughout the year, and, during these observations, any feeding stress may have been more related to food quality than quantity. The resource defense hypotheses may not explain pair-living in this species as there was no indication that males defend food resources for their female pair-partners. The observed lack of feeding competition may indicate that a cryptic anti-predator strategy is a better predictor of spatial avoidance of pair-partners than conflict over food. While anti-predator benefits of crypsis may explain, at least partly, female-female avoidance, studies on the relationship between territory size/quality and reproductive success are required to understand whether feeding competition reduces the potential for female association in L. leucopus.
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