The role of genes domesticated from LTR retrotransposons and retroviruses in mammals.

The role of genes domesticated from LTR retrotransposons and retroviruses in mammals.
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DOI:
10.3389/fmicb.2012.00262
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
5.2
通讯作者:
Ishino F
Ishino F
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kaneko-Ishino T;Ishino F

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在哺乳动物中,从长末端重复序列(LTR)反转录转座子获得多个基因。属于sushi-ichi相关的反转录转座子同源物(SIRH)家族的基因出现在两个胎生哺乳动物群体,有袋类动物和真兽目动物建立的时候。这些基因编码与逆转录转座子Gag衣壳蛋白同源的蛋白质,有时也具有Pol样区域。我们以前证明,PEG 10(SIRH 1)和PEG 11/RTL 1(SIRH 2)在胎盘发育中发挥重要但不同的作用。PEG 10在有袋类和真兽类中均具有保守性,而PEG 11/RTL 1是真兽类特有的基因,表明这两个驯化基因通过胎生生殖系统的建立深入参与了哺乳动物的进化。本文介绍了PEG 10和PEG 11/RTL 1在哺乳动物发育和进化中的作用,并对哺乳动物LTR逆转录转座子和内源性逆转录病毒(ERVs)中驯化的其他基因进行了综述。我们还指出了在驯化过程中DNA甲基化在灭活和中和整合的反转录转座子和ERVs中的重要性。
The acquisition of multiple genes from long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons occurred in mammals. Genes belonging to a sushi-ichi-related retrotransposon homologs (SIRH) family emerged around the time of the establishment of two viviparous mammalian groups, marsupials and eutherians. These genes encode proteins that are homologous to a retrotransposon Gag capsid protein and sometimes also have a Pol-like region. We previously demonstrated that PEG10 (SIRH1) and PEG11/RTL1 (SIRH2) play essential but different roles in placental development. PEG10 is conserved in both the marsupials and the eutherians, while PEG11/RTL1 is a eutherian-specific gene, suggesting that these two domesticated genes were deeply involved in the evolution of mammals via the establishment of the viviparous reproduction system. In this review, we introduce the roles of PEG10 and PEG11/RTL1 in mammalian development and evolution, and summarize the other genes domesticated from LTR retrotransposons and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in mammals. We also point out the importance of DNA methylation in inactivating and neutralizing the integrated retrotransposons and ERVs in the process of domestication.
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