A theoretical account of cognitive effects in delay discounting.
A theoretical account of cognitive effects in delay discounting.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08058.x
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发表时间：
2012-04
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Redish AD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kurth-Nelson Z;Bickel W;Redish AD
虽然延迟折扣，未来奖励价值的衰减，是一个强大的发现，折扣的机制是未知的。我们提出了一个潜在的延迟折扣机制，这样折扣出现在一个搜索过程中，试图确定什么样的奖励将在未来。在这个理论中，未来预期报酬折现的延迟依赖性来自三个假设。首先，对结果的评估涉及一个搜索过程。第二，该值被分配给一个结果，与它的容易程度成比例。第三，延迟较少的结果通常更容易被搜索过程找到。通过放松第三个假设（例如，假设周期性暗示的结果更容易找到），我们的模型表明可以将折扣与延迟分离开来。因此，我们的理论解释了这样一个经验结果：贴现比情景想象的结果慢，因为这些结果更容易被搜索过程发现。此外，该理论解释了为什么改善认知资源，如工作记忆，通过改善搜索，从而使奖励更容易找到，从而减缓折扣。这里概述的三个假设很可能在深思熟虑的决策过程中被实例化，但不太可能在习惯性决策中被实例化。我们对这一理论的两个简单实现进行了建模，并表明它们统一了认知功能在延迟折扣中的作用的经验结果，并做出了新的神经，行为和药理学预测。
Although delay discounting, the attenuation of the value of future rewards, is a robust finding, the mechanism of discounting is not known. We propose a potential mechanism for delay discounting such that discounting emerges from a search process trying to determine what rewards will be available in the future. In this theory, the delay dependence of the discounting of future expected rewards arises from three assumptions. First, that evaluation of outcomes involves a search process. Second, that value is assigned to an outcome proportionally to how easy it is to find. Third, that outcomes that are less delayed are typically easier for the search process to find. By relaxing this third assumption (for example, by assuming that episodically cued outcomes are easier to find), our model suggests that it is possible to dissociate discounting from delay. Our theory thereby explains the empirical result that discounting is slower to episodically-imagined outcomes, because these outcomes are easier for the search process to find. Additionally, the theory explains why improving cognitive resources such as working memory slows discounting, by improving searches and thereby making rewards easier to find. The three assumptions outlined here are likely to be instantiated during deliberative decision-making, but unlikely in habitual decision-making. We model two simple implementations of this theory and show that they unify empirical results about the role of cognitive function in delay discounting, and make new neural, behavioral, and pharmacological predictions.
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DOI：
10.1196/annals.1390.006
发表时间：
2007-01-01
期刊：
REWARD AND DECISION MAKING IN CORTICOBASAL GANGLIA NETWORKS
影响因子：
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作者：
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影响因子：
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影响因子：
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
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DOI：
10.1037/h0077579
发表时间：
1979-01-01
期刊：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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