Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive terminal nerve cells have intrinsic rhythmicity and project widely in the brain
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive terminal nerve cells have intrinsic rhythmicity and project widely in the brain
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促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 免疫反应性终末神经细胞具有内在节律性，并在大脑中广泛投射
DOI：
10.1523/jneurosci.13-05-02161.1993
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发表时间：
1993
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T. Matsushima
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Y. Oka;T. Matsushima
神经递质和激素对离子通道特性和突触功能的调节被称为神经调节，并且可能是动物行为中许多长期变化的基础，例如，唤醒或动机状态的变化。我们以前已经表明，在硬骨鱼，侏儒gourami，终末神经（TN）细胞是促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）系统的主要组成部分，在结构上独立于视前/垂体-GnRH系统，该系统项目的垂体和促进促性腺激素释放从促性腺激素。虽然来自TN细胞的GnRH纤维广泛分布于整个大脑，但它们不投射到垂体。因此，TN-GnRH系统不作为促垂体激素发挥作用，但可能作为神经调节剂发挥作用，能够影响大脑的广泛区域。在本研究中，我们使用了一个全脑在体外制备检查TN-GnRH细胞的自发电活动，并通过细胞内注射神经生物素或biocytin来确定单个细胞的形态。通过细胞内注射和GnRH免疫细胞化学的联合应用，可清楚地鉴定所记录的细胞为GnRH免疫反应阳性的TN细胞。大部分TN细胞表现出内源性慢（1-7 Hz）、有规律的搏动放电。这种活动的内在本质表现为电压依赖性的跳动频率，节奏重置，和持久性的节奏突触隔离后。只有少数TN细胞表现出不规则或爆发性放电模式。细胞内标记的细胞的解剖观察表明，无论放电模式，所有的TN细胞有多个轴突分支，项目到这些地区，我们以前已经证明了密集的GnRH免疫反应纤维。从目前的结果，我们提出了一个假设，可能是相关的肽能和单胺能神经调节系统一般。调节神经元具有根据动物的激素或环境条件而变化的内源性节律活动，并且它们通过多个轴突分支同时调节多种脑区域中的靶神经元的兴奋性。
Modulation of ionic channel properties and synaptic functions by neurotransmitters and hormones is called neuro-modulation and may be the basis for many long-lasting changes in animal behavior, for example, changes in the arousal or motivational states. We have previously shown in a teleost, the dwarf gourami, that the terminal nerve (TN) cells are a major component of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system and are structurally independent from the preoptic/hypophysial-GnRH system, which projects to the pituitary and facilitates gonadotropin release from the gonadotropes. While GnRH fibers originating from TN cells are distributed widely throughout the brain, they do not project to the pituitary. Thus, TN-GnRH system does not function as a hypophysiotropic hormone but probably as a neuro- modulator, capable of affecting widespread regions of the brain. In the present study, we used a whole-brain in vitro preparation to examine the spontaneous electrical activities of TN-GnRH cells and to determine the morphology of individual cells by intracellular injections of either neurobiotin or biocytin. The recorded cells were clearly identified as GnRH-immunoreactive TN cells by using combined intracellular injection and GnRH immunocytochemistry. Most of the TN cells showed endogenous slow (1–7 Hz), regular beating discharges. The intrinsic nature of this activity was demonstrated by the voltage dependency of the beating frequency, rhythm resetting, and persistence of rhythmicity after synaptic isolation. Only a small number of TN cells showed either irregular or bursting discharge patterns. Anatomical observation of intracellularly labeled cells showed that, regardless of discharge patterns, all the TN cells had multiple axonal branches that project to those areas where we had previously demonstrated dense GnRH-immunoreactive fibers. From the present results, we propose a hypothesis that may be relevant to the peptidergic and monoaminergic neuromodulatory systems in general. The modulator neurons have endogenous rhythmic activities that vary according to the animal's hormonal or environmental conditions, and they regulate the excitability of target neurons in a wide variety of brain regions simultaneously via multiple axonal branches.
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.86.22.9034
发表时间：
1989-11
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
M. Whim;P. E. Lloyd
通讯作者：
M. Whim;P. E. Lloyd
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
LLINAS, R;SUGIMORI, M
通讯作者：
SUGIMORI, M
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
LLINAS, R;SUGIMORI, M
通讯作者：
SUGIMORI, M