Does Differential Strategy Use Account for Age-related Deficits in Working-memory Performance? Processing Speed Account
Does Differential Strategy Use Account for Age-related Deficits in Working-memory Performance? Processing Speed Account
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差异化策略是否可以解释工作记忆表现中与年龄相关的缺陷？
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通讯作者：
C. Hertzog
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作者：
H. Bailey;J. Dunlosky;C. Hertzog
策略缺失假说认为，使用有效策略的年龄差异会导致工作记忆广度表现的年龄相关缺陷。为了验证这一假设，在阅读广度任务(实验1和实验2)和操作广度任务(实验2)中，使用逐个集合的策略报告对策略使用进行了测量。报告的有效策略使用的个体差异解释了SPAN绩效的显著差异。然而，与策略缺失假说相反，年轻人和老年人报告在两个广度任务中使用相同比例的常态有效策略。在与年龄有关的SPAN成绩差异中，加工速度的测量占了相当大的比例。因此，尽管标准化有效策略的使用解释了跨度成绩的个体差异，但有效策略使用的年龄差异不能解释该成绩中与年龄相关的差异。工作记忆(WM)指的是在使用信息以实现绩效目标的同时，以暂时激活的状态持有信息的过程(Baddeley，1986)。与短时记忆的结构不同，工作记忆的特点是要求在将信息保存在记忆中的同时进行并行处理。阅读广度任务(RSPAN)是由Daneman和Carpenter(1980)提出的具有代表性的阅读广度任务。在RSPAN任务的一个修改版本中，参与者看到一个句子和一个不相关的词(例如，Owens先生把割草机放在柠檬里。？Eagle)。他们大声朗读句子，判断句子是否连贯，大声朗读单词(例如，“Eagle”)，然后呈现下一个句子-单词对(例如，“Emily获邀参加周六的派对。？Rock”)。参与者完成了几个这样的句子-单词对。在每一次测试的最后一对之后，他们试图以正确的顺序回忆单词(例如，“鹰、石头、……”)。RSPAN任务的表现可以通过正确回忆单词的平均比例来评分，无论集合大小如何(Conway等人，2005年推荐的)。WM广度成绩中与年龄相关的缺陷在许多SPAN任务中一直被证明(SalTower，1994；例外，见May，Hasher，&Kane，1999)。此外，这些缺陷可能导致与年龄有关的其他认知测验成绩的下降(Salhouse&Babcock，1991)。特别是这一原因，促使了许多旨在了解与年龄相关的广度成绩差异的研究。…上最流行的一些解释
The strategy-deficit hypothesis states that age differences in the use of effective strategies contribute to age-related deficits in working memory span performance. To evaluate this hypothesis, strategy use was measured with set-by-set strategy reports during the Reading Span task (Experiments 1 and 2) and the Operation Span task (Experiment 2). Individual differences in the reported use of effective strategies accounted for substantial variance in span performance. In contrast to the strategy-deficit hypothesis, however, young and older adults reported using the same proportion of normatively effective strategies on both span tasks. Measures of processing speed accounted for a substantial proportion of the age-related variance in span performance. Thus, although use of normatively effective strategies accounts for individual differences in span performance, age differences in effective strategy use cannot explain the age-related variance in that performance. Working memory (WM) refers to the process of holding information in a temporarily activated state while working with it to achieve performance goals (Baddeley, 1986). The hallmark of WM, as opposed to the construct of short-term memory, is the requirement for concurrent processing while holding the information in memory. The Reading Span (RSPAN) task developed by Daneman and Carpenter (1980) is representative of WM span tasks. In a modified version of the RSPAN task, participants are presented with a sentence and an unrelated word (e.g., " Mr. Owens left the lawnmower in the lemon. ? eagle "). They read the sentence aloud, decide whether it is coherent, read the word aloud (e.g., " eagle "), and then the next sentence–word pair is presented (e.g., " Emily was invited to the party on Saturday. ? rock "). Participants complete several of these sentence–word pairs. Following the final pair of each trial, they attempt to recall the words in the correct serial order (e.g., " eagle, rock,. .. "). Performance on the RSPAN task can be scored by the mean proportion of correctly recalled words, aggregated over multiple trials regardless of set size (as recommended by Conway et al., 2005). Age-related deficits in WM span performance have consistently been demonstrated across many span tasks (Salthouse, 1994; for an exception, see May, Hasher, & Kane, 1999). Moreover, these deficits may contribute to age-related declines in performance on other cognitive measures (Salthouse & Babcock, 1991). This reason , in particular, has motivated many of the studies aimed at understanding age-related differences in span performance. Some of the most popular explanations …
衰老和联想记忆缺陷：策略产生的作用是什么？
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Dunlosky,J;Hertzog,C
通讯作者：
Hertzog,C
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Engle, RW;Tuholski, SW;Conway, ARA
通讯作者：
Conway, ARA