Genomic analysis of the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea.
Genomic analysis of the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230
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发表时间：
2011-08
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Dickman M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Amselem J;Cuomo CA;van Kan JA;Viaud M;Benito EP;Couloux A;Coutinho PM;de Vries RP;Dyer PS;Fillinger S;Fournier E;Gout L;Hahn M;Kohn L;Lapalu N;Plummer KM;Pradier JM;Quévillon E;Sharon A;Simon A;ten Have A;Tudzynski B;Tudzynski P;Wincker P;Andrew M;Anthouard V;Beever RE;Beffa R;Benoit I;Bouzid O;Brault B;Chen Z;Choquer M;Collémare J;Cotton P;Danchin EG;Da Silva C;Gautier A;Giraud C;Giraud T;Gonzalez C;Grossetete S;Güldener U;Henrissat B;Howlett BJ;Kodira C;Kretschmer M;Lappartient A;Leroch M;Levis C;Mauceli E;Neuvéglise C;Oeser B;Pearson M;Poulain J;Poussereau N;Quesneville H;Rascle C;Schumacher J;Ségurens B;Sexton A;Silva E;Sirven C;Soanes DM;Talbot NJ;Templeton M;Yandava C;Yarden O;Zeng Q;Rollins JA;Lebrun MH;Dickman M
菌核菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）和灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）是密切相关的坏死性植物病原真菌，具有广泛的寄主范围和环境持久性。这些特性使得这些物种模型可以用来理解坏死性和广泛宿主致病性的复杂性。尽管它们很相似，但这两个物种在交配行为和产生无性孢子的能力上有所不同。我们对一株菌核菌和两株葡萄球菌进行了基因组测序。这些基因组相对于彼此和其他测序真菌基因组的比较分析在这里提供。它们的38-39 Mb基因组包含11860 - 14270个预测基因，在两个物种之间平均共享83%的氨基酸。我们已经将菌核菌组合映射到16条染色体上，并发现了与灰芽孢杆菌基因组的大规模共线性。菌核葡萄球菌基因组中有7%含有转座因子，而灰孢杆菌的这一比例不到1%。与坏死过程相关的基因库在物种之间是相似的，包括涉及植物细胞壁降解和草酸生产的基因。对次生代谢基因簇的分析表明，相对于菌核菌，绿芽孢杆菌特异性次生代谢产物的数量和多样性有所增加。次生代谢的潜在多样性可能涉及对特定生态位的适应。比较基因组分析揭示了菌核菌与灰孢菌有性交配相容系统差异的基础。交配型基因座的组织方式不同，其结构为异源性从同源性进化提供了证据。这些数据揭示了坏死性致病性和性交配的遗传复杂性状的进化和机制基础。这一资源应该有助于功能研究，旨在更好地了解是什么使这些真菌如此成功和持久的农业作物病原体。菌核菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）和灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）是臭名昭著的植物病原真菌，寄主范围很广。它们在作物种植和收获过程中造成巨大的经济损失。这些真菌是典型的坏死性营养物质：它们首先杀死宿主植物细胞，然后在死亡组织中定植。测定了这两种真菌的基因组序列，以检查结构和内容的共性，并找到可能将它们与其他致病真菌和腐养真菌区分开来的独特特征。这些基因组显示出高度的序列同一性和相似的基因排列。菌核芽孢杆菌和灰孢芽孢杆菌在有性生殖调控方面存在差异，其遗传基础及其进化可以从基因组序列上进行解释。基因组序列揭示了次生代谢基因簇数量和多样性的显著差异，这可能与对不同生态位的适应有关。总的来说，在菌核菌和灰孢杆菌的基因组中没有独特的特征可以被识别为“银弹”，将这些侵袭性病原体与其他致病性和非致病性真菌区分开来。这些发现强化了坏死性发病机制的定量、多基因性质。
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are closely related necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi notable for their wide host ranges and environmental persistence. These attributes have made these species models for understanding the complexity of necrotrophic, broad host-range pathogenicity. Despite their similarities, the two species differ in mating behaviour and the ability to produce asexual spores. We have sequenced the genomes of one strain of S. sclerotiorum and two strains of B. cinerea. The comparative analysis of these genomes relative to one another and to other sequenced fungal genomes is provided here. Their 38–39 Mb genomes include 11,860–14,270 predicted genes, which share 83% amino acid identity on average between the two species. We have mapped the S. sclerotiorum assembly to 16 chromosomes and found large-scale co-linearity with the B. cinerea genomes. Seven percent of the S. sclerotiorum genome comprises transposable elements compared to <1% of B. cinerea. The arsenal of genes associated with necrotrophic processes is similar between the species, including genes involved in plant cell wall degradation and oxalic acid production. Analysis of secondary metabolism gene clusters revealed an expansion in number and diversity of B. cinerea–specific secondary metabolites relative to S. sclerotiorum. The potential diversity in secondary metabolism might be involved in adaptation to specific ecological niches. Comparative genome analysis revealed the basis of differing sexual mating compatibility systems between S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. The organization of the mating-type loci differs, and their structures provide evidence for the evolution of heterothallism from homothallism. These data shed light on the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of the genetically complex traits of necrotrophic pathogenicity and sexual mating. This resource should facilitate the functional studies designed to better understand what makes these fungi such successful and persistent pathogens of agronomic crops. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are notorious plant pathogenic fungi with very wide host ranges. They cause vast economic damage during crop cultivation as well as in harvested produce. These fungi are typical examples of necrotrophs: they first kill host plant cells and then colonize the dead tissue. The genome sequences of the two fungi were determined in order to examine commonalities in structure and content and in order to find unique features that may distinguish them from other pathogenic fungi and from saprotrophic fungi. The genomes show high sequence identity and a similar arrangement of genes. S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea differ in their regulation of sexual reproduction, and the genetic basis and its evolution could be explained from the genome sequence. The genome sequence revealed a striking difference in the number and diversity of secondary metabolism gene clusters, which may be involved in the adaptation to different ecological niches. Altogether, there were no unique features in the genomes of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea that could be identified as “silver bullets,” which distinguish these aggressive pathogens from other pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. These findings reinforce the quantitative, multigenic nature of necrotrophic pathogenesis.
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